Biol 101 Exam 2

Front 1

He contributed the two-part Latin names we still use today for genus and species in Biology

Back 1

Carolus Linnaeus

Front 2

He believed each organism was created by God. He saw that they could be grouped or classified in certain ways by similarities.

Back 2

Carolus Linnaeus

Front 3

Credited as the inventor of comparative anatomy (the detailed comparison of different species) and paleontology (study of fossils.)

Back 3

Baron Georges Cuvier

Front 4

Realized through fossils that species become extinct.

Back 4

Baron Georges Cuvier

Front 5

Believed fossils demonstrated that life was older than a literal interpretation of Genesis. He reconciled what he saw in the rock record by calling on at least four catastrophes, the Great Flood being the last of these. Each of the previous catastrophes wiped out all life; hence the different fossils. But because these earlier episodes in Earth’s history did not concern Man, they were not mentioned in the Bible.

Back 5

Baron Georges Cuvier

Front 6

Theory ________ gradual repetitive change shaped the earth

Back 6

Theory of uniformity

Front 7

Who discovered the theory of conformity?

Back 7

Sir Charles Lyell

Front 8

He believed that the earth was not static (mountains erode away and could rise again.)

Back 8

Sir Charles Lyell

Front 9

He believed the earth was much older than 6,000 years old (millions of years).

Back 9

Sir Charles Lyell

Front 10

He inspired Charles Darwin with his book, Principles of Geology.

Back 10

Sir Charles Lyell

Front 11

suggested that living species might change over time (he just did not get the mechanism correct!)

Back 11

thomas malthus

Front 12

if a giraffe had to constantly stretch his neck to reach a tree, his constant stretch would lead to a permanently longer neck—and he would pass this to his offspring.

Back 12

thomas malthus

Front 13

Concluded that resources were limited and the human population could not grow exponentially and compete for these limited resources. Poverty, famine, war, and disease were all population checks on the human population. This REALLY inspired Darwin.

Back 13

thomas malthus

Front 14

if variation in an individual, however slight, is in any way profitable under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, he will have a better chance of surviving and thus be naturally selected.”

Back 14

darwin

Front 15

A land surveyor working in present day Indonesia; he independently came up with the same ideas as Darwin.

Back 15

alfred wallace

Front 16

It was his pushing that forced Darwin to stop “thinking” and publish his ideas.

Back 16

alfred wallace

Front 17

_________the ability of a species to produce more offspring than the environment can support

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superfecundity "super fertility"

Front 18

A single sea star can produce 2.5 million eggs a year!

what does this illustrate?

Back 18

superfecundity

Front 19

Modern armadillo: shares unusual traits with the glypotodont and is only found in regions where glyptodonts previously lived.
Clues like this lead Darwin to the idea of “_____________”, that is, his theory of natural selection

Back 19

descent with modification

Front 20

Individuals whose characteristics best adapt them to their CURRENT environment are most likely to be selected (survive and reproduce).

also called?

Back 20

differential reproductive success”

Front 21

A leaf mantid in Costa Rica
Moth swallow caterpillar on aspen tree

are examples of what?

Back 21

camflouge, which is another example of how natural selection has occurred

Front 22

an example of natural selection in action

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Insecticide

Front 23

Resistance =

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microevolution

ex. bugs and insecticide

Front 24

is the occurrence of small-scale changes in allele frequencies in a population, over a few generations, also known as "change below the species level"[1].

These changes may be due to several processes: mutation, natural selection, artificial selection, gene flow and genetic drift.

Back 24

microevolution

Front 25

Allele frequencies change over several generations

Back 25

microevolution

Front 26

No matter how many times alleles are segregated into different gametes by meiosis and united in different combinations by fertilization—the frequency of each allele in the gene pool will remain constant—unless acted on by other agents

Back 26

Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Non-Evolution

Front 27

PKU is a recessive disease, so the frequency of the individuals born with PKU is equal to ____

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q2

Front 28

Hardy Weinberg Equation

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p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Front 29

A heritable change in DNA

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mutation

Front 30

Change or stabilization of allele frequencies; an outcome of differences in survival and reproduction among variant individuals of a population

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Natural Selection

Front 31

Random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time due to chance occurrences alone

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Genetic Drift

Front 32

Individuals, and their alleles, move into and out of populations; the physical flow counters the effects of the other microevolutionary processes

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Gene Flow

Front 33

Extremely small and large weavers are naturally selected against in a population

example of what kind of natural selection?

Back 33

stabilizing selection

it goes again both extremes

Front 34

Selection that favors the two extremes..the two low ends of the bell curve

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distruptive selection

Front 35

Because there is often fierce competition for scarce seeds in the dry season, an intermediate width bill would not “win” the soft or the hard seeds. The intermediate width finch is naturally selected against.


example of?

Back 35

disruptive seletion

Front 36

The genetic winners are the individuals that can outreproduce others of the same population.


example of what selection?

Back 36

sexual selection

Front 37

heterozygotes for the sickle cell trait are naturally selected because they are more “fit”

example of what selection?

Back 37

balancing selection

the heterozygous trait is favored and passed along, because it cannot have sickle cell and survives malaria

Front 38

Bottle neck effect

Back 38

big botle of random is poured into a small container, only random few survive

Front 39

An example of bottle neck effect?

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a few surivers after a major diaseter

Front 40

exemplified by the Amish population in Lancaster, PA

Back 40

founder effect

Front 41

A rare allele goes to another population, an island and the whole island is made of the random allele..this is?

Back 41

founder effect

Front 42

______counteracts natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation to keep separate populations genetically similar

Back 42

gene flow