Biol 100 Exam 1

Front 1

Science is...

Back 1

A way of learning about the natural world.

Front 2

When a hypothesis has been repeatedly and rigorously tested and supported it is called a...

Back 2

Scientific Theory.

Front 3

Which of the following is(are) not components of ALL cells?
A. Plasma Membrane
B. DNA
C. Nucleus
D. Ribosomes

Back 3

C. Nucleus

Front 4

Which of the following describes the cell theory?
A. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
B. Cells are the basic unit of life.
C. Every new cell comes from a pre-existing cell.
D. All of the above

Back 4

D. All of the above

Front 5

A monohybrid cross is...

Back 5

C. A breeding experiment in which inheritance of a single trait is examined.

Front 6

In cocker spaniels, black coat color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color
(S) is dominant over spotted (s). A cross between BbSs with BbSs would produce
the phenotypic ratio
A. 9:3:3:1.
B. 1:2:1.
C. 3:1.
D. None of the above.

Back 6

A. 9:3:3:1

Front 7

Mendel's theory of independent assortment is explained by the events that occur
during...

Back 7

Metaphase I

Front 8

The spindle apparatus is made of...

Back 8

Microtubules

Front 9

The longest part of the cell cycle is usually...

Back 9

Interphase

Front 10

Crossing over occurs in...

Back 10

Prophase I

Front 11

A gene that produces multiple effects is called a(n)...

Back 11

Pleiotropic Gene

Front 12

Which of the following occurs during mitotic anaphase?
A. Chromosomes line up in the central region of the cell.
B. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
C. The chromatid DNA replicates.
D. All of the above.

Back 12

B. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Front 13

Meiosis can produce which of the following?
A. Gametes
B. Genetic variation among daughter cells
C. Haploid daughter cells from a diploid mother cell
D. All of the above

Back 13

D. All of the above

Front 14

During metaphase II of meiosis, what lines up along the central region of the cell?

Back 14

Sister chromatids

Front 15

The phospholipids that make up the plasma membrane are synthesized in which
organelle?

Back 15

Smooth ER

Front 16

The Golgi apparatus...

Back 16

Assembles, modifies, and packages macromolecules.

Front 17

A prediction is...

Back 17

A statement of what a hypothesis leads you to expect to see in nature

Front 18

After mitosis, the chromosome number of a daughter cell is ______ the parent
cell's.

Back 18

The same as

Front 19

Homologous chromosomes...
A. Have genes for the same characteristics (even though the alleles may not be the
same)
B. Are in pairs, one chromosome of each pair from the father and one from the
mother
C. Pair up during meiosis
D. All of these

Back 19

D. All of these

Front 20

The Scientific method:

Back 20

Observe Pattern
Develop hypotheses
Make predictions
Devise test of predictions
Carry out test and analyze results

Front 21

Particle that is a fundamental building block of matter; consists of varying numbers of electrons, protons and neutrons

Back 21

Atom

Front 22

Atoms of the same or different elements joined by chemical bonds

Back 22

Molecule

Front 23

Smallest unit with the properties of life-the capacity for metabolism, growth, homeostasis and reproduction.

Back 23

Cell

Front 24

An individual consisting of one or more cells.

Back 24

Organism

Front 25

A group of individuals of the same species in a specified area.

Back 25

Population

Front 26

All populations of all species in a habitat.

Back 26

Community

Front 27

Community interacting with its environment through a w=one-way flow of energy and the cycling of materials.

Back 27

Ecosystem

Front 28

All regions of Earth's waters, crust and air where organisms live.

Back 28

Biosphere

Front 29

A property of a system that does not appear in its component parts; e.g. cells (which are alive) are composed of many molecules (which are not alive).

Back 29

Emergent Property

Front 30

A capacity to do work.

Back 30

Energy

Front 31

An autotroph. Most often a photosynthetic organism.

Back 31

Producer

Front 32

Heterotroph that gets energy and carbon by feeding on tissues, wastes or remains of other organisms.

Back 32

Consumer

Front 33

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Double-stranded nucleic acid twisted into a helix; hereditary material for all living organisms and many viruses.

Back 33

DNA

Front 34

Transmission of DNA from parents to offspring.

Back 34

Inheritance

Front 35

An asexual or sexual process by which a parent cell or organism produces offspring.

Back 35

Reproduction

Front 36

Of complex multi-celled species, the series of stages that transforms a zygote into an adult.

Back 36

Development

Front 37

A type of organism. Of sexually reproducing species, one or more groups of individuals that potentially can inbreed, produce fertile offspring and are isolated reproductively from other groups.

Back 37

Species

Front 38

A group of species that share a unique set of traits.

Back 38

Genus

Front 39

The most diverse and most ancient prokaryotic lineage.

Back 39

Bacteria

Front 40

Members have some unique features but also share some traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotic species.

Back 40

Archeans

Front 41

Permanent, small-scale change in DNA. Primary source of new alleles and, thus, of life's diversity.

Back 41

Mutation

Front 42

Any molecule of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Back 42

Carbohydrate

Front 43

Fatty, oily or waxy organic compound.

Back 43

Lipid

Front 44

Organic compound that consists of one or more polypeptide chains.

Back 44

Protein

Front 45

Single or double-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds; e.g. DNA, RNA

Back 45

Nucleic Acid

Front 46

Outer cell membrane; encloses the cytoplasm.

Back 46

Plasma Membrane

Front 47

Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle in cytoplasm; different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents.

Back 47

Vesicle

Front 48

The semifluid matrix between a cell's plasma membrane and its nucleus or nucleoid.

Back 48

Cytoplasm

Front 49

Structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell; e.g. a nucleus in eukaryotes.

Back 49

Organelle

Front 50

Site of protein synthesis. An intat ribosome has two subunits, each composed of rRNA and proteins.

Back 50

Ribosome

Front 51

A single-celled organism in which the DNA is not contained in a nucleus.

Back 51

Prokaryotic Cell

Front 52

Type of cell that starts life with a nucleus.

Back 52

Eukaryotic Cell

Front 53

Membranous organelle, a continuous system of sacs and tubes that is an extension of the nuclear envelope.

Back 53

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 54

Organelle of endomembrane system; enzymes inside its much-folded membrane modify new polypeptide chains and lipids; the products are sorted and packaged in vesicles for transport.

Back 54

Golgi body

Front 55

Double-membraned organelle of ATP formation; site of second and third stages of aerobic respiration on eukaryotes.

Back 55

Mitochondria

Front 56

Organelle of photosynthesis in plants and some protists.

Back 56

Chloroplast

Front 57

In eukaryotic cells, the dynamic framework of diverse protein filaments that structurally support, organize and move the cell and internal structures.

Back 57

Cytoskeleton

Front 58

Heritable unit of information in DNA; occupies a particular location (locus) on a chromosome.

Back 58

Gene

Front 59

One of two or more molecular forms of a gene at a given locus; alleles arise by mutation and encode slightly different versions of the same trait.

Back 59

Allele

Front 60

With regard to an allele, having the ability to mask the effects of a recessive allele paired with it.

Back 60

Dominant

Front 61

Having a pair of recessive alleles at a locus on homologous chromosomes; e.g., aa.

Back 61

Homozygous Recessive

Front 62

The particular alleles carried by an individual.

Back 62

Genotype

Front 63

Having a pair of dominant alleles at a locus on homologous chromosomes; e.g., AA.

Back 63

Homozygous Dominant

Front 64

Having two different alleles at a gene locus; e.g., Aa.

Back 64

Heterozygous

Front 65

An individual's traits.

Back 65

Phenotype

Front 66

A diagram used to predict probable outcomes of a genetic cross.

Back 66

Punnett Square

Front 67

With regard to an allele, having effects that are masked by a dominant allele on the homologous chromosome.

Back 67

Recessive

Front 68

Interacting products of two or more gene pairs influence a trait.

Back 68

Epistasis

Front 69

Nonidentical alleles that are both fully expressed in heterozygotes; neither is dominant or recessive.

Back 69

Codominance

Front 70

Condition in which one allele is not fully dominant over another, so the heterozygous phenotype os between the two homozygous phenotypes.

Back 70

Incomplete dominance

Front 71

Effects of a single gene on two or more traits.

Back 71

Pleiotropy

Front 72

In a population, individuals show a range of small differences in a trait as the result of polygenic inheritance.

Back 72

Continuous Variation

Front 73

Having two of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.

Back 73

Diploid

Front 74

A complete molecule of DNA and its attached proteins; carries part or all of an organism's genes.

Back 74

Chromosome

Front 75

one of two attached members of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome.

Back 75

Sister Chromatid

Front 76

In a eukaryotic chromosome, a constricted region where microtubules of the spindle bind.

Back 76

Centromere

Front 77

In eukaryotic cells, a dynamic array of microtubules that moves chromosomes with no respect to its two poles during mitosis or meiosis.

Back 77

Spindle

Front 78

In a eukaryotic cell cycle, the interval between mitotic divisions when a cell grows in mass, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components and replicates its DNA.

Back 78

Interphase

Front 79

Nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chromosome number. Basis of body growth, tissue repair and replacement in multi-celled eukaryotes, as well as asexual reproduction in some plants, animals, fungi and protists.

Back 79

Mitosis

Front 80

Stage of mitosis and meiosis in which chromosomes condense and become attached to a newly forming spindle.

Back 80

Prophase

Front 81

Stage of mitosis; chromosomes ara aligned at spindle equator

Back 81

Metaphase

Front 82

Stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite spindles.

Back 82

Anaphase

Front 83

Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and de-condense, and new nuclei form.

Back 83

Telophase

Front 84

Signaling molecules with major roles in vertebrate immunity.

Back 84

Cytokinesis

Front 85

Nuclear division process that halves the chromosome number, to the haploid number. Basis of sexual reproduction.

Back 85

Meiosis

Front 86

One of a pair of chromosomes in body cells of diploid organisms; except fot the nonidentical sex chromosomes, members of a pair have the same length, shape and genes.

Back 86

Homologous Chromosome

Front 87

Having one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species; e.g. human gamete in haploid.

Back 87

Haploid

Front 88

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments during Prophase I of meiosis.

Back 88

Crossing Over

Front 89

Fusion of a sperm nucleus and an egg nucleus, the result being a single-celled zygote.

Back 89

Fertilization

Front 90

Member of a pair of chromosomes that differs among males and females.

Back 90

Sex Chromosome

Front 91

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome.

Back 91

Autosome

Front 92

Preparation of an individual's metaphase chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape and centromere location.

Back 92

Karyotype

Front 93

Failure of sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis or mitosis. Resulting cells get too many or too few chromosomes.

Back 93

Nondisjunction