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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
(where? function? cause?) |
Neurohypophysis- peptide
*dehydration -Reabsorption of H20 from urine to blood |
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Oxytocin
(where? function[2]? cause[2]?) |
Neurohypophysis- peptide
*stretching of cervix -uterine contraction *suckling -milk let-down |
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GH (Growth Hormone= Somatotropin)
(where? Function(3 steps)Cause?) |
Adenohypophysis - protein
*Metabloic Imbalance -1. GHRH; somatostatin, inhibits glucose use -2. GH -3. Somatomedins (in liver) stimulates fat use Protein Synthesis |
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TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone=Throtropin)
(where? Function(3 steps)Cause?) |
Adenohypophysis- glycoprotein
* low body temperature -1.TRH -2.TSH -3.Throxine (Thyroid) Increases BMR (basal metabolic rate) |
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ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone= Corticotropin)
(where? Function(3 steps)Cause?) |
Adenohypophysis- peptide
*Stress -1.CRH -2.ACTH -3.Glucocorticoids (adrenal cortex) Metabolic Adjustment to Stress |
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Prolactin
(where? Function(3 steps)Cause?) |
Adenohypophysis- protein
*Suckling -1.PRH, PIH -2.Prolactin -3.Unknown Milk Production |
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FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
(where? Function(3 steps)Cause? Outcome? 2 possible) |
Adenohypophysis- Glycoprotein
*Puberty -1.GnRP -2.FSH -3.Estrogen (female) Male (no counterpart) Ovarian Follicle Development (female) Spermatogenesis (male) |
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LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
(where? Function(3 steps)Cause? Outcome? 2 possible) |
Adenohypophysis- Glycoprotein
*Puberty -1.GnRH -2.LH -3.Estrogen (females) Testoterone (Males) Corpus Luteum Development (females) Testoterone Secretion (males) |
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Thyroxine
(where? Function(3 steps)Causes(2)? Outcomes(3)?) |
Thyroid-
Derivative of Tyrosine and iodine, gene activation *Low Body Temperature *Pregnancy -1. TRH -2. TSH -3. Thyroxine Activates Genes for metabolic enzymes, increases BMR Increases ATP synthesis by mitochondria necessary for proper development of skeleton muscles and nervous system |
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Calcitonin (C Cells)
(where? Function Cause? Outcome?) |
Thyroid- Peptide
*High blood Ca2+ Decreases blood Ca2+by stimulating osteoblasts. |
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PTH
(where? Function Cause? Outcome?) |
Parathyroid- Protein
*Low Blood Ca2+ Increases blood Ca2+ by stimulating osteoclasts. |
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Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
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Epinephrine (adrenalin) 70%
Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) 30% -derivatives of Tyrosine *Sympathetic Stimulation Enhance Sympathetic Efftects |
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Aldosterone
(where? Function? Cause[2]? Outcome[2]?) |
Adrenal Cortex- mineralocorticoid
Steroid *High blood K+ (and/or) *Activated Angiotensin Active Secretion of K+ from urine to blood Active reabsorption of Na from urine to blood |
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Corisol
(where? Function(3 steps)Cause? Outcome[4]?) |
Adrenal Cortex- glucocorticoid
Steroid *stress -1.CRH -2.ACTH -3.Cortisol decreases protein synthesis increases fat use decrease glucose use gluconeogenesis |
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Insulin (B Cells)
(where? Function? Cause[3]? Outcome[2]?) |
Pancreas - Protein
*parasympathetic stimulation *high blood glucose *high blood amino acids Stimulates cellular uptake of glucose Stimulates Protein Synthesis |
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Glucagon (A Cells)
(where? Function? Cause[2]? Outcome?) |
Pancreas- Peptide
*Sympathetic Stimulation *Low Blood Glucose Increases blood glucose by glycogenolysis |
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Properties of Blood (4)
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1. Transport
2. pH Balance (7.35-7.45) 3. Hemostasis 4. Immunity |
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Leucocytes (WBC) types (2)
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1.Granulocytes
2.Agranulocytes |
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Granulocytes types (3) (percentage of WBCs)(with function)
Develop Where |
1. Neutrophils (60-70% WBCs)
-phagocytosis 2. Eosinophils (2-3%) -phagocytize precipitated antigens 3. Basophils (<1% WBCs) -form mast cells (responsible for inflamation) Red Bone Marrow |
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Agranulocytes types (2) (percentage of WBCs)(with function)(develop where?)
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1. Monocytes (4-5% WBCs)
-form macrophages, phagocytosis, detect infections 2.Lymphocytes (20-30%) -Immune Response Develop in lymphoidal Tissue |
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Stages of Hemostasis (3)
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1. vascular phase-substances release from cut blood vessels to clampl shut vessel
2. platelet phase- stick to collagen on walls in vessel to form platelet plug 3. Coagulation -clotting,damaged cells release |
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Hemocytoblast
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All blood cells develop from this stem cell
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RBC Production- cause? where?
hormone? |
1. Kidneys detect low O2 in blood
2. Kidneys Secrete erythropoietin, which causes stem cells to develop into RBCs |
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RBC Development (where/when)
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Hemocytoblast, stem cell
Yolk Membrane Liver (month 2) Red Bone Marrow (Month 5) |
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Plasma (what is it, contains?, what proteins)
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Liquid Portion of Blood
90% H20 Conataining NA Cl HCO3 K Ca ions Proteins -Albumin (protein reserve, colloid osmotic pressure) -Globulin (multiple types) |
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Types of Globulins (3)
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1. Alpha and Beta (colloid osmotic pressure,steroid hormone transport)
2. Gamma (antibodies) 3. Fibrinogen (Clotting) |
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Overall Elements of blood
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-Erythrocytes(RBCs)(40-46% blood volume)
-Thrombocytes (Platelets) from megakaryocytes -Leucocytes (WBCs) |
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Inflamation
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Mast cell secrete histamine
1.Vasodilation 2. Increased Capillary Permeability |
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Immunity (Macrophages Role In)
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-Phagocytosis
-Detect and Present Antigens -Activate Helper T-Cells -Stimulate Activated Helper T-Cells |
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Immunity (B-lymphocyte's role in)
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-bind to free antigens secrete antibodies
-activate complement IL4-6 |
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Immunity (Helper T-Lymphocyte's Role in)
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-Activate B-cells
-stimulate activated B-cells -stimulate activated cytotoxic T-cells |
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Immunity (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte's Role in)
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-Identify infected cells by contact
-secrete cytokines (lymphokines) |
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Steps in Complement of B-lympocyte to antigen (5)
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1. Lysis of bacterium
2. Complement Cascade 3. Chemotaxis 4. Inflammation 5. Opsonization |
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HIV effect on immunity
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Knocks out helper T-lymphocytes
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Prosencephalon (Division 2)
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1. Telecephalon
2. Diencephalon |
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Telecephalon structures 3.
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1. Olfactory Tracts
2. Basal Nuclei (reg. posture and balance unconciously) 3. Cerebrum-control all higher functions |
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Diencephalon Structures 3
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1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus 3. Hypothalamus |
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Epithalamus function
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melatonin/ diurnal cycles
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Thalamus function 3
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1.All sensory information comes through thalamus except smell
2. Crude Sensation 3. Motor Connections |
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Hypothalamus Functions 5
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1. Controls Autonomic Nervous System
2. Controls Hypophysis (pituitary gland) 3. Regulates body temperature 4. Regulates eating and drinking 5. Emotional States limbic system |
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Mesencephalon functions 2
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(midbrain)
pupil reflex eye tracking |
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Rhombencephalon Divisions 2
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1. Metencephalon
2. Myelencephalon |
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Metencephalon structures 2
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1. Pons (pneumotavic center and apneustic center) breathing
2. Cerebellum- fine moter detail control. |
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Myelencephalon Structure and its purposes 5
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Medulla Oblongata
1. Cardiac Center 2. Vasomotor Center (blood vessels 3. Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers (breathing) 4. Fixed motor patterns (i.e. sneezing swallowing) 5. Reticular Activating system-sleeping and waking |
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Sensory Spinal Tracts types (3) and characteristics
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Ascending
1. Medial Lemniscal Tracts -fine touch, proprioception -well myelinated -crosses over in medulla 2. Spinothalamic Tracts -crude touch, pressure, pain hot cold -less well myelinated -crosses over in spinal cord 3. Spinocerebellar Tracts -Unconcious Proioception (only lower limbs) -Well Myelinated -Some Crossover in Spinal Cord -Some Do Not Cross Over |
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Motor Spinal Tracts types and characteristics
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Descending
1. Pyramidal -Upper motor neurons in motor and premotor areas -cross over in medulla (cranial nerve)or spinal cord (spinal nerve) -fine coordination, concious movement -damage= flaccid paralysis 2.Extrapyramidal -Upper motor neurons in midbrain, medulla, reticular formation -most crossover in midbrain some do not crossover -posture balace unconcious movement, eye tracking -damage = spastic paralysis |
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Nerve I
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Olfactory Nerve
Cerebellum < Olfactor Epithelium (Smell) |
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Nerve II
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Optic Nerve
diencephalon< retina (vision) |
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Nerve III
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Oculomotor
Midbrain<(Proprioception) >inferior oblique, inferior rectus, superior rectus, medial rectus |
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Nerve IV
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Trochlear Nerve
Midbrain <(propriocption) >superior oblique |
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Nerve V
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Trigeminal Nerve
Pons < Skin of face and scalp nasal and oral mucosa, teeth >chewing muscles |
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Nerve VI
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Abucens
Pons < Proprioception >lateral rectus |
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Nerve VII
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Facial
Pons<Anterior 2/3 of tongue >Facial Muscles submandibular and sublingual salivary gland lacrimal glands |
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Nerve VIII
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Vestibulocochlear
Pons< Cochlea (Hearing)Vestibular apparatus |
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Nerve IX
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Glossopharyngeal
Medulla<Posterior 1/3 of tongue carotid sinus (blood pressure >tongue, pharynx, parotid salivary glands |
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Nerve X
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Vagus
Medulla< Pharynx and Larynx >Pharynx and Larynx. 80% of parasympathetic ANS motor axons |
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Nerve XI
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Accessory
Medulla C1-C4< proprioception >sternocliedomastiod, trapezius |
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Nerve XII
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Hypoglossal
Medulla C1-C3< proprioception >intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles |
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Spinal Nerve Pairs
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31 Total:
8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal |
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Dermatones
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Strip or band of skin that sends sensory informatoin to a pair of spinal nerves
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Plexuses 4
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1. Cervical-C1-C4 neck shoulders phrenic nerve to diaphragm
2. Brachial-C5-C8 T1 upper limbs 3. Lumbar-L1-L4 Abdomen andterior sides of lower limbs 4. Sacral- L4,L5, S1-S4 lower back posterior sides of lower limbs. |
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Division of the Autonomic Nervous System
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1.Sympathetic (fight, flight or fright)-energy expending
2. Parasympathetic (homeostasis, usually dominant) Energy Conserving |
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Individual Difference between sympathetic ANS and parasympathetic ANS
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See sheet 6 of the notes
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Transducers Chagne Energy from one form to another
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mechanoreceptors- hearing
chemoreceptors- taste smell photoreceptors- vision |
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Characteristics of Rods
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1. Dim Light
2. black and white 3. low acuity 4. more in perpherial |
