Biogeography

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Advances that changed Biogrography

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-Continental Drift
-Phylogenetic Taxonomy
-Theory of island biogeography

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Alfred R Wallace

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guy who established foundations of biogeography

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biogeography

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study of patterns of the distribution of population, species and communities

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biogeographic regions

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earth can be divided into reagions based on taxonomic composition

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barriers to dispersal

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barriers that seperate biogeographic regions such as mountains, oceans.

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Nearctic Region

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North America

Seperated at the Mexican Plateau and tropical lowlands

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Neo Tropical

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Central America and Northern part of South America, rest of SA is Antarctic. Includes New Zealand

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Ethiopian

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Almost all of Africa other than northern coastal region. Also in the ME. starts at the Sahara and AD

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Palearctic

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Biggest one. Covers all of europe and almost all of asia. goes down till part of india in the himalyas

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Oriental

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covers south asia mostly. india to indonesia. down to Wallace's line

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Australasian

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starts at Wallaces line and all of australia

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endemic

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species found only in a given region

remote islands common for endemic i.e Madagacar

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Distribution of species only accepted when.....

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-Acceptance of theory of continental drift
-Developmen of phylogenetic taxonomy
-Development of the theory of island biogeography

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th. of continental drift

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continents have moved across the earth's surface, on the upper mantle right below the crust

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Wegner's evidence for CD

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Geometric fit for SA and Africa.

geologic features on both cont. match

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theory of plate tectonics

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explains the creation and destruction of plates and their movement.

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Marine Geology Evidence

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Mid Ocean ridges show that sea floor is spreading

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Geologic Evidence

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Mountains and othe land masses shared similar strata in both S. America and Africa. so both were joined at one time

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Paleoclimate Evidence

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Glaciers patterns on parts of continents at where they were joined. S Hemisphere

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Glaciel till

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Rocks left behind from when S Hemisphere continents were joined

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Paleontological Evidence

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Fossil records are continuous when continents are joined as they previously were

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Paleomagnetism Evidence

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Rocks iodize and become magnetic. 'Magnets' move around due to earth's magnetic field

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Vicariance

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Physical barrier that causes the range of the species to become limited

correspond with some change in geography

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Dispersal

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When organism cross through a barrier and builds a population

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Discontinous ranges

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a result of both vicariance and dispersal

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parsimony

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simplest solution that is available

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biotic interchange

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when two biotas merge when two land masses come together

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theory of island biogeography

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explains why islands have a less diversity of species when compared to mainland

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equilibrium theory for island geo

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equilibrium of immigration and extinction. each increases and decreases to maintain constant pop.

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Krakatau island

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used as a 'natural' experiment for island geography and equilib. theory

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ideal reserve

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the bigger the better
distance between reserves be small
corridors btwn reserves for animal commute
circular shape