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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Asexual Reproduction |
only need one parent. |
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What is Asexual reproduction in ANIMALS |
produces new individuals on its own |
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What is Asexual Reproduction in PLANTS |
produces new individuals without another organism. They are a clone of yourself and are unable to adapt |
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What is Binary fission (asexual) |
Cells duplicate and split. Fasted reproduction. Only single celled organism can reproduce this way. |
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What are spores (asexual) |
Spores settle down on a place with lots of nutrients and will grow there. Many do not settle down and float off. it will grow off into a new fungus. |
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What is vegetive Growth (asexual) |
roots underground and come up into other plants continuing genetic material. |
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What is budding (asexual) |
Giant sized spores. whole offspring grows on parent and drops off side (reproduces entire plant). Example-Sea sponges and coral (Don't detach). |
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Advantages of Asexual reproduction |
-Does not need specialized cells or a way of uniting gametes -no energy or time -can produces lots of offsprings -bacteria: 1-10 million in 12 hr |
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Disadvantages of Asexual reproduction |
-In conditions become unfavourable the entire population can become wiped out |
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What is Mitosis (asexual) |
Twin cell. Exact same genetic information (duplication of DNA). stretches so it had one on each side and floats away. |
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What is sexual reproduction |
needs two parents. no longer cloned. both genes are involved |
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What is sexual reproduction in ANIMALS |
Reproducing by 2 animals (parents) |
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What is an zygote |
a fertilized egg (Sperm+egg=zygote). Once multi celled it is called an embryo and once reached certain development it turns into a fetus. |
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What are gametes |
Sex cells are called gametes. normally have half of the genetic information. in humans our gametes are egg cells (female) and sperm cells (male). |
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What is Bacterial conjugation |
Bacteria is able to transfer genetic material directly form one cell to another. adapts faster than binary. not actually reproduction because its not an increase of cells. |
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What is meiosis |
Formation of sex cells. one cell turns into four cells. |
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what are/are info bit:Hermaphrodites |
can produce both male and female gametes. in times of environmental stress they can fertilize themselves. example.Garden worms and slugs |
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What is sexual reproduction in PLANTS |
For Sexual Reproduction to be completed pollination must occur. During this process the pollen (sperm) must be transferred from the stamen to the stigma at the top of the pistil (often plants use insects or wind to accomplish the transfer). |
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advantages of sexual reproduction |
-provides lost of variation which helps the species |
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disadvantages of sexual reproduction |
-takes lost of energy and time;means limited |
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Variation of living things |
differences in characteristics of organisms.cell life has variations found in populations of groups of living things . Can be caused by genetic and environmental factors. |
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What is Biodiversity |
number and variety of organisms in an area. |
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Extinction |
Man caused extinctions relate to habitat loss, human introduced species and population/pesticides and agriculture, over efficiency, climate change. extinctions are happening 1000 times faster= 130 species per day. 70% plants rest animals. |
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Benefits of Biodiversity |
tourists , scientific research, clean water,forest/flood protection, limits climate change, building nature into areas/cities. |
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Why do we need biodiversity |
it allows for continual improvement of species and helps maintain flood cycle. |
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what is an Ecosystem |
community= different pop live in same area at the same time. |
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what is Population |
multiple species (that they can bread). Variation within species ex.. Dogs. |
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what is specialization |
difference between males and females. Variation among different species evolved from the same ancestor |
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what is an adaption(variation) |
an adaptation is a trait that helps an organism's chance survival, reproduction. Every organism needs to adapt to survive. Plants and animals adapt to better, compete for resources, the animals that have the best variations means they get the most food, grow bigger/stronger and win reproduction. |
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what is the value of variation |
-an ecosystem enables some organisms to survive cause a high level or resistance this helps maintain and ecosystem. Certain species may die off to save main part of the ecosystem. control burns of forests are used when factors are threatening. |
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What is a Structural adaption |
physical features; characteristics of plant (changes) ex. Colour, eyes, horn |
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What is behavioural |
actions that will help them survive. Ex. migration, hibernation, building nests. |
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Measuring |
People use measurements called diversity index to determine the well being of the organism.It compares diversity of species in a certain area with a total of numbers of organisms in the same ecosystems to check health of diversity. The higher the diversity the better the health. |
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what is a Niche |
Place and function in an ecosystem includes where, what it does and how it affects other populations and or the environment itself. A niche for a particular animal can change depending on the environment. |
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broad niche/generalist |
can live in variety of climates/ecosystems and can eat a variety of food sources. can spread of large areas, cannot compete as well with a specialist for the same food. |
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Specialist niche |
Specialists; has adaptations that make it very efficient at existing in a specific climate/ecosystem. Only eats a specific food source and cannot adapt to change, organisms occupying a narrow niche are called specialists. |
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Why is a niche important |
Allows many different species to live in the same ecosystem, serves to limit the growth of single species, tropics have a high biodiversity but the populations are low (temperature limits the growth of single species, tropics have a high biodiversity but the populations are low (temperature of food supplies are stable) |
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Competition |
between species and in species, occurs when two or more species need the same resources (food, habitat, water, shelter, mates, sunlight) the organism with the best adaptations will win the Competition and get to reproduce |
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Symbiosis |
Dependence between species Close interactions between members of different species for an extended period of time; one species’ survival depends directly on the health and survival of another species. |
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What is mutualism |
Mutualism - A relationship in which both organisms benefit. |
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what is Commensalism |
A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not harmed nor helped. |
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what is parasitism |
Parasitism - A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed. |
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Passing on genetics |
reproduction:Adaptations and variations passed on from generation to generation. Traits/ characteristics passed on from parents to offspring are heritable. |
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what are genetics |
Genetics is the study of how heritable characteristics are passed from generation to generation. |
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Where do we get our DNA |
we get half of our DNA from our mother (23 chromosomes) and the other half from our father (23 chromosomes) |
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Continuous Variation |
Skin colour, height, hair colour, continuous because of multiple outcomes. |
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Discrete Variation |
there are only a fixed number of possible outcomes. There are 4 human blood types: A, B, AB, O. Tongue rolling, Smooth/Pointed hairline, Detached earlobe,Bent back thumb, Mid-digital hair |
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Dominant and Recessive |
An offspring will inherit two genotypes for each genetic traits |
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Which genetic will win |
The dominant genetic genotype will always win over any other genotype Examples of dominant genotypes are mid-digital hair - bent little finger - brown eyes - hand clasping (left on top) |
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Recessive Traits |
When recessive genetic traits are paired with dominant traits the dominant trait will always win.Even if the recessive trait is not expressed, it is present. |
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when will the Recessive Traits win |
The recessive trait will win only if it is paired with another recessive trait. |
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examples of Recessive Traits |
BB – brown eyes (homozygous) Bb – brown eyes, blue carrier (hetero.) bb – blue eyes, recessive (homo.) |
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Punnett Squares |
We can use Punnett squares to predict the possible genetic results of how parent genotypes could possibly combine: Homozygous: |
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Heterozygous punnett square |
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Recessive Traits and Carriers |
With a recessive trait Bb – will be a carrier bb – will have the recessive trait |
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Co-dominance (incomplete dominance) |
Neither allele is dominant thus neither is recessive. Causes a combination of both traits as a type of continuous variation. |
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examples of Co-dominance (incomplete dominance) |
Blood type, flower colour |
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Recessive Genetic Disorders |
A child will inherit a genetic disorder only if he/she inherits the recessive (carrier) gene from both parents. Sickle cell anemia,Albinism,Cystic fibrosis,Hemophilia, (X- linked, more males are affected) |
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Nature vs. Nurture |
Not all characteristics are inherited some characteristics are learned. Some of our behaviours are the result of our environment |
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Examples of Nature vs. Nurture |
Playing the piano Being a good athlete,Clothing, injuries, A person’s weight is due to a combination of genetics, diet and activity level |
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Changes to our genetic information |
Different genetic traits can be created in the way that DNA replicates or that chromosomes combine. Genes can be changed by a number of factors: |
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Artificial selection (selective breeding) |
humans try to change plants/ animals to be better for us. Scientists use selective breeding to perform. Plants/animals have been bred for specific trait, only individuals with the desired trait will be allowed to reproduce. Variation can occur quicker cause humans decide which plants/animals will mate. takes generations to see results.
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Domestic animals |
an animal that is no longer wild (but descendents were) has been bread or tamed by tamed. They perform a specific task or they are food source. examples; house cat/dog, sheep, horse, cow |
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artificial selection (technology) |
humans select for a desirable characteristic. could be size, colour, resistance ti disease, length of time to mature, tastes, nutrients. |
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Cloning (Artificial selection) |
made from cells |
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Artificial insemination (Artificial selection) |
artificially joining the male and female gametes |
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In vitro fertilization (Artificial selection) |
male and female gametes are selected and then allowed to fertilize in a controlled setting |
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genetic engineering (Artificial selection) |
directly altering the DNA of an organism |
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Natural selection "survival of the fittest" |
survive long enough to reproduce. All organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive. is incredible variation within species. over time variations that are passed lead to changes in characteristics of species. |
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natural selection |
occurs when factors in the environment determine or selects which individuals within a species will be ale to survive. If they live long enough to reproduce they pass in their survival adaptions to their offspring |
