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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Variations |
-Differences in organsm characteristics -Found in all populations -Caused by genetics and environment |
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Biodiversity |
AKA: Bioligical diversity It is the number and variety of of organsms in an area |
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Why is biodiversity important? |
-Allows for continual improvement -Helps maintain food cycle -Helps us learn! |
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Ecosystem |
All organisms living in a particular area, as well as their environmental components. |
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Community vs Population |
Population: Members of the same species in the same area Community: A collection of populations in the same area |
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Sexual Dimorphism |
Differences between the male and female of the species |
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Variations can be something like.. |
Dog or Cat breeds! |
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Advantages to Variation |
Various variations have various advantages, such as colour (helping blend in). |
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Species may.. |
Have similar characteristics but have adapted over time into different variations. |
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Adaptation |
An Adaptation is a trait that helps an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction in a given environment |
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Why have variations? |
Every organism needs to adapt in order to survive in its environment. Plants and animals adapt to better compete for resources. The animals that have the best variations get the most food, grow bigger, get stronger and win the right to reproduce. |
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Why have variations? (pt.2) |
Variation in an ecosystem enables some of the organisms in that ecosystem to survive because of a higher level of resistanceHelps to maintain the ecosystemCertain species may die off to save the main part of the ecosystemControlled burns of forests are used when other factors are threatening the entire forest |
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ADAPTATION TYPES |
Structural Adaptation: The physical features and characteristics of a plant or animal to help it compete for resources and survive Example: Colour, eyes, horns, feet, Thicker fur in the winter |
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ADAPTATION TYPES |
Behavioral Adaptation: The activities and behaviours of an animal to help it better able to compete or survive Example: Migration, mating, hunting, nest building |
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How do we measure biodiversity? |
Biologists use a measurement called a diversity index to determine the biological diversity of an areaThis compares the diversity of a species in a certain area with the total number of organisms in that same ecosystemIt is used to check on the health of an ecosystem – a healthy ecosystem has a high diversity index. |
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Niche Definition |
Describes the role of the organism within a particular environment, it's place and function. |
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Nice pt. 2 |
A niche for a particular organism can change depending on the environment in which it is located and the organisms with which it inter-relates |
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Two Types of Niche |
Specialist/Narrow Niche, Generalist/Broad Niche |
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Generalist/Broad Niche.. |
Can live in a variety of climates/ecosystems and can eat a variety of food sources. Able to adapt to changes in the ecosystem. These organisms are called generalists and can spread of large areas. Cannot compete as well with a specialist for the same food source. |
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Specialist/Narrow Niche |
Has adaptations that make it very efficient at existing in a specific climate/ecosystem. Only eats a specific food source. Cannot adapt to change, organisms occupying a narrow niche are called specialists.Allows many different species to live in the same ecosystemit also serves to limit the growth of a single species. |
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Competition |
Between different species and between members of the same species. Occurs when two or more species need the same resource(s)The organism with the best adaptations will win the competition and get to reproduce. Species looking for same resources may behaviourally adapt to avoid competition! |
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Extreme Adaptations |
Some organisms have unique adaptations that enable them to exist in extreme environments. |
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Predetor Pray Relations |
Predators prevent the prey population from becoming too big.If the prey population becomes too big, it would run out of its food supply resulting in its individuals suffering from starvation.Predators also remove old, sick, or weak individuals of a population leaving the strong and healthy members to reproduce. |
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Symbiosis |
Dependence between species. Close interactions between members of different species for an extended period of time; one species’ survival depends directly on the health and survival of another species. |
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Forms of Symbiosis |
Commensalism. Mutualism. Parasitism. |
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Commensalism (+, 0) |
One benefits, the other is unaffected. Neither is harmed. |
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Mutualism (+, +) |
The relationship benefits both species. |
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Parasitism (+, -) |
The relationship harms one organism and benefits the other. Parasites don’t usually kill their hosts intentionally (would end their food supply). Sometimes, the host becomes so weakened from the parasite that the host dies. |
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Reproduction: |
Adaptations and variations are passed from generation to generation. Traits and characteristics that are passed on from the parents to the offspring are heritable. |
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Asexual Reproduction: |
The formation of an offspring involving only one parent. DNA of the offspring is identical to parent (clone)No possibility for variation or adaptation. If the ecosystem of climate changes the organism is unable to adapt. Many offspring can be produced quickly. |
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Forms of Asexual Reproduction |
Binary Fission, Spores, Vegetative Growth, Budding. |
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Binary Fission |
Cell duplicates its contents, then splits into 2 identical cells. Only single celled organisms reproduce this way. |
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Spores |
Similar to seeds but produced by the division of cells of the parent, not by the union of two cells. One parent organism supplies the genetic material. Many spores are produced to ensure that some of the organisms will survive. |
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Vegetative Growth |
The rapidly growing tips of roots and stems contain specialized reproductive cells called meristem. Plants can grow continuously through Meristem cells. At certain times, these cells will specialize into cells that make up roots, stems and leaves. |
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Vegetative Growth pt.2 |
If parts of the plant are damaged, the meristem cells make repairs. Clones can be made from cuttings of a plant because the meristem cells can specialize to reproduce the different parts needed to make a new plant. Many new plants can be produced quickly and this is an advantage where the environment does not change much. |
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Budding |
Offspring grows from the parent, eventually separating into it own individual. Buds contain their own nucleus. |
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Mitosis |
Genetic material is duplicated and divided – both new cells have identical chromosomes. Human body cells are made up of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Body cells divide and reproduce through binary fission. Through mitosis each new body cell also has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). |
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Sexual Reproduction |
The union of two mating types or two sexes. Results in a combination of genes from both parents. Both parents supply genetic material - the offspring is not exactly like either one. |
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Gametes |
Sex cells are called gametes. The gametes carry the genetic information of the parents. |
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Zygote |
A fertilized egg is referred to as a zygote.product of a sperm cell fertilizing an egg cell. The fertilized (human) egg has 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent. The zygote undergoes continuous divisions to create a multicellular life form called the embryo. |
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Sexual Reproduction in Plants |
Most plants produce both male and female gametes; some only produce one or the other. Pollen contains the male gametes (found in the stamen). Ovules contain the female gametes (found in the pistil). |
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Sexual Reproduction in Plants pt. 2 |
Male and female gametes join to produce a zygote (fruit and seeds!). Cross-pollination occurs when pollen from one plant is carried to the stigma of another plant.Many plants are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually. |
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Bacterial Conjugation |
Bacteria are able to transfer genetic material directly from one cell to another. The benefit is new combinations of inherited characteristics may result. Not actually reproduction because there is not an increase in the number of cells. |
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Sexual Reproduction in Animals |
Involves gametes (Male sperm, female, egg)Gametes unite to form a zygote. Zygote divides into two cells which is repeated over and over to form an embryo. The cell division will take place inside the female (most mammals) or outside in an egg (most other animals). |
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Meiosis |
The formation of the sex cells. Normal cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). The sex cells only contain 23 chromosomes |
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Meiosis pt. 2 |
The father can produce an unlimited supply of sperm. The mother only produces one viable egg each cycle. Females are born with all the eggs (egg cells) they will produce in their lifetime. |
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Hermaphrodites |
Common garden worms and slugs are hermaphrodites. They can produce both male and female gametes. Although most slugs and worms usually prefer to mate with other individuals of their species, in times of environmental stress, they can fertilize themselves. |
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Advantages of Asexual Reproduction |
Does not require specialized cells or a way of uniting gametes. No energy or time lost to finding mate. Can produce lots of offspring very quickly (Bacteria: 1 → 10 million in 12 hr). |
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Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction |
If conditions become unfavorable, the entire population may be wiped out (because they are identical). So all 10 million bacteria could be wiped out by the same antibiotic. |
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Advantages of Sexual Reproduction |
Provides lots of variation which helps the species survive environmental change. |
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Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction |
Takes a lot of energy and time; means limited offspring can be produced. |
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Genetic Storage |
All of your genetic information is stored in the nucleus of a cell. All Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus (plant, animal). All Prokaryote cells do not have a nucleus (bacteria). |
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DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid |
Found inside of the nucleus of the cell. Contains all genetic information (blueprint). Your DNA is in the shape of a double helix (coiled ladder).ALL living organisms contain DNA in their cells. |
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DNA Structure |
DNA is made up of 4 different proteins called nucleotides. (A) adenine (T) thymine (G) guanine (C) cytosine They occur in pairs. A-T, G-C. |
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D N A |
DNA is arranged in the cell in compact packages called chromosomes.Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Sex is determined by the 23rd chromosome pair.In males, the 23rd pair is X, Y in females. The 23rd pair is XX½ of male sperm contain X chromosomes and the other ½ will contain Y chromosomes – this determines sex of offspring. |
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Smallest to Largest |
DNA → Genes → Chromosomes → Nucleus |
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Genes |
A section of the chromosome. Each chromosome has numerous gene locations. Are always paired. Each gene of a pair carries DNA instructions for the same thing. |
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The Genetic Code |
Characteristics are passed on from one generation to another within a species through the genetic code of the parents. Genome: the total code for human DNA |
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Chromosomal Disorders |
Some genetic diseases are the result of the chromosomes not coming together in the right combinations. Most humans have 46 chromosomes – but there are exceptions (down syndrome, turner syndrome, etc) If even one chromosome is missing, information will be missing. Will likely lead to problems for that organism. |
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Genetics |
Genetics is the study of how heritable characteristics are passed from generation to generation. The passing on of traits from parents to their offspring is called heredity. We get half of our DNA from our mother (23 chromosomes) and the other half from our father (23 chromosomes). |
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Discrete Variation |
There are only a fixed number of possible outcomes. |
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Dominant or Recessive |
An offspring will inherit two genotypes for each genetic traits. The dominant genetic genotype will always win over any other genotype. |
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Recessive Traits |
When recessive genetic traits are paired with dominant traits the dominant trait will always win. The recessive trait will win only if it is paired with another recessive trait. Even if the recessive trait is not expressed, it is present. |
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Co-dominance |
Neither allele is dominant thus neither is recessive. Causes a combination of both traits as a type of continuous variation. |
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Recessive Genetic Disorders |
A child will inherit a genetic disorder only if he/she inherits the recessive (carrier) gene from both parents. |
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Nature vs. Nurture |
Not all characteristics are inherited some characteristics are learned. Some of our behaviors are the result of our environment. EX: A person’s weight is due to a combination of genetics, diet and activity level |
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Changes to our Genetic Information |
Different genetic traits can be created in the way that DNA replicates or that chromosomes combine. Genes can be changed by a number of factors:natural disorders, mutagens:chemicals, X rays. If mutations occur in the DNA of reproductive cells the changes can be passed on to the offspring. |
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Artificial Selection (using selective breeding) |
Scientists use selective breeding to perform artificial selection. Plants and animals have been bred for specific trait. Only individuals with the desired trait will be allowed to reproduce. Variation can occur much quicker because humans decide which plants/animals will mate/pollinate. Genetic problems can occur because of a small gene pool. |
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Domestic Animals |
An animal that is no longer wild (but their descendents were!). Has been bred or tamed by humans; they perform a specific task or they are a food source. |
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Artificial Selection with Technology |
Humans select for a desirable characteristic. |
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Types of Artifical Selection |
Cloning: made from cells. Artificial insemination: artificially joining the male and female gametes In vitro fertilization: male and female gametes are selected and then allowed to fertilize in a controlled setting Genetic engineering: directly altering the DNA of an organism |
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Survival of the Fittest Theory |
All organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive. There is incredible variation within each species. Some of these variations increase the chances of an organism surviving to reproduce. Over time, variations that are passed on lead to changes in the genetic characteristics of a species. |
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Natrual Selection |
Occurs when factors in the environment determine or select which individuals within a species will be able to survive. If they live long enough to reproduce, they will pass on their survival adaptations to their offspring. |
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Cloning |
DNA is taken from one organism and transplanting it into a fertilized (blank) egg. All other cells that are formed are now exact DNA replicas of the host cell. There are no variations or adaptations. |
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Technology and Variation |
A gene or a strand of DNA is transported from one species to another. A desirable trait from one organism is given to another. An artificial variation is created for that organism. |
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Transgenic Animals |
Human DNA (proteins) is inserted into animals. These animals can now produce human proteins. Transgenic animals can also be used for human organ transplants (pigs). |
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Cell Division in Humans |
Somatic (Body) Cells→Divide to form two genetically identical cells. Example: Skin Cells Gametes (Sex) cells→ Divide to form cells that contain only half of the needed chromosomes (23 chromosomes) Example: Sperm cells and eggs. |
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Benefits of Variation |
Only those plants or animals that have the best adaptations and variations are able to survive. Sexual reproduction means that the off-spring inherit the best variations that enable them to survive to a changing environment. |
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Human Impacts |
Large human populations put pressure on the environment. Impact of the population explosion is not shared equally around the globe. Hardest hit are developing regions where diversity is most threatened. Most extinctions and extirpations are caused today by human activity |
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Disappearing Habitats |
Some areas of the world support greater biodiversity than others. One of the largest causes of extinction has been human interference and the loss of habitat. |
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Extinction |
Extinction is the disappearance of every individual of a species from the entire planetThe rate of extinction has been about one species per year over the history of the planet.Today the rate of extinction is closer to 70 extinctions per day. The rate of extinction is rising and this is reducing the Earth’s biodiversity99% of the species that have ever existed are now extinct (many by mass extinction) |
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Extirpation |
A local extinction or the disappearance of a species from a particular are. |
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Extinction/Extirpation |
Not all extinctions/extirpations happened millions of years agoDiseases and natural events occur all of the timeSpecies in an area can be extirpated very quicklyOverspecialization is another way extinction can happen (Giant panda relies only on bamboo making it vulnerable to extinction) |
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ZOOS |
Zoos were originally created for private collectors or exotic animals.They became public in the early 1800’s in London. Provides education and information, supports research, captive breeding program, protects endangered species. |
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Preserving Plants |
Ex-situ conservation is the conservation of components of biodiversity outside a natural habitat. Seed Banks - collect samples of seeds to protect diversity. The Royal Botanic Gardens in London England has a goal to collect 10% of the world’s seed bearing plants. |
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Global Effort |
Global treaties have been drawn up to protect endangered plants and animals. Preventing endangered animals and animal parts from being imported and exported. Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). |
