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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Species
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a group of related organisms that share a more or less distinctive from and are capable of interbreeding
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Ecosystem
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community of organisms + physical environment
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Taxonomy
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the practice and science of classification
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Kingdom
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the highest rank in biological taxonomy
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Phylum
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a taxonomic rank below Kingdom
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Class
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a taxonomic rank below Phylum
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Order
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a taxonomic rank below Class
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Family
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a taxonomic rank below Order
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Genes
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a taxonomic rank below Family.
In scientific name, first letter becomes capitalized |
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Species
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the lowest rank in biological taxonomy
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Prokaryotes
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a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus (mostly single celled), includes bacteria and archaea
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Eurokaryotes
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an organism whose cells contain complex structures such as the nucleus enclosed within membranes
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Archaea
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a group of single-celled microorganisms, they under tolerate exteram conditions
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Symbiosis
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close and often long-term interactions/relationships between different biological species
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Eubacteria
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a large group of single-celled, prokaryote microorganisms
only organism which can do nitrogen fixation and help most plants |
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Protist
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a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms which can be devided into three groups: Animal-like, Plant-like, Fungi-like
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Amoeba-Pseudopodia
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amoeba which move by pseudopodia (temporary projection of eukaryotic cells -how amoeba move)
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Plants
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One of the 5 kingdoms which are rukaryotes and can make their own foods
=producers of the land |
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Shoots system
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The system to support plants to remain upright: one of the keys for terrestrial adaptions
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Roots system
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the system which support plants to stand against gravity: one of the keys for terrestrial adaptations
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Curticle
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waxy layer which coat leaves or other parts against dehydration: one of the keys for terrestrial adaptations
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Vascular tissue
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composed of tubular cells eunning througout plants in order to convery sugars and water: one of the keys for terrestrial adaptations
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Bryophytes
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pioneer species of plants ex)mosses
seedless, non-vascular system, reduce erosion, nutrient cycling |
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Ferns
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an example of pteridophytes
seedless, vasular, short root, rhyzome, make spouse |
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Gymnosperms
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one of the plants which make naked seeds, ovule (protected by scale in female corns)
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ovule
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胚珠
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scale
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鱗片、殻
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Angiosperms
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plants which have frowers, pollen, nectar, and reproduction (system)
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Carrion flowers
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one of angiosperms which does deceptice pollinate, attracts insects with nector and pollen.
tend to be colorful, and have special odor |
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carnivory
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plants that derive their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals or insects
No-carbohydrate diet; nutrifying bacteria |
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Parasitism
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a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism benefits at the expense of the host
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Fungi
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one of the five kingdoms
absorb foods; Chitin; cannot photosynthesize; Hyphae |
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Chitin
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cell walls of fungi (carbohydrate)
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Hyphae
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the structure of fungi for absorbing water and nutrient
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Mycorrhiza
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a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant
ex) truffle |
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Lichens
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association between fungi and bacteria or algae
地衣類 |
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Cordyceps
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an example of bad relationship between fungi and other animals:
parasitic, mainly on insects The mycelium invades and eventually replaces the host tissue, while the elongated fruiting body (stroma) may be cylindrical, branched, or of complex shape. The stroma bears many small, flask-shaped perithecia that contain the asci. These in turn contain the thread-like ascospores, which usually break into fragments and are presumably infective |
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Autotrophs
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self-nourishment by using inorganic materials
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Photoautotrophs
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self-nourishment by sunlight
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Chemoautotrophs
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Self-nourishment from chemical bonds of inorganic molecules
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Second carnivore
=tertiary consumer |
top level in trophic levels
ex. eagles |
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First carnivore
=secondary consumer |
2nd level in trophic levels
ex. fox |
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Herbivore
=primary consumer |
3rd level in trophic levels
ex. rabbits |
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Plants
=Producers |
lowest level of trophic levels
make their own foods by photosynthesis |
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Decomposer
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Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Animals
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Producers
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Bacteria, Protista, Plants
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Consumer
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Bacteria, Protista, Animals
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Parasite
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Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Animals
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Nitrogen fixation
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N2->NH3(Ammonia) by Bacteria
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Nitrogen cycle
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Nitrogen fixation& denitrification(NO-3->NO-2->N2)
by decomposers (aerobic and anaerobis bacteria/fungi) |
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Endosymbiosis
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an invading bacteria in eukaryotic cells, but it does NOT end up with killing host cells
ex)Mitochondrion (torelate oxygen<->safe place) ex)Chloroplast (photosynthesys <-> safe place) |
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4 keys for terrestrial adaptions of plants
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Roots, Shoots system, Curticle, Vascular tissues
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features of Bryophytes
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Seedless, non-vascular, reduce erosion, nutrient cycling
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features of Ferns
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seedless, vascular, short roots, Rhyzome, make spore (sporophyte individual)
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features of Gymnosperms
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soft woods, naked seeds, cones inside
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features of Angiosperms
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Flowers, Reproduction, Pollen, Nectar, Fruits
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features of Fungi
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Chitin, Hyphae, Externally digest
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Sessile
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unability to move
a feature of Sponge |
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Polyps
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living style <-> free living
a feature of some Cnidaria |
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Coral spawning
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Coral's reproduction
only at a few nights after full moon once a year |
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Coral bleaching
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the whitening of coral by stress
caused by sea temperature photosynthetic algae or pigmentation loss |
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Coral reefs
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underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by coral
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features of Mollusca
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soft body, hard case/shell of calcium carbonate
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features of Cephalopods
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ability to change color/texture by pigment cell, smart, fast
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features of Annelida
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differenciate parts of the body, closed circulatory system
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features of Anthropods
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Exoskeleton:carbonhydrate
Segmentation:flight Jointed appendages:specialized function Metamorphosis |
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features of Arachnids
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2body segemtns
predators make silk |
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features of Insects
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co-evolution with angiosperms
ability of flight the largest number in animals |
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features of Dragonflies and Damselflies
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Complete metamorphosis
predators mating:need to put egg in water, males compete other's sperm |
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features of Beetles
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Biggest order in insects
Incomplete metamorphosis Detrivore!! |
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features of Ants, Bees, Wasps
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Complete metamorphosis
complex social system |
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features of Butterflies and Moths
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2nd biggest order
complete metamorphosis |
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features of Crickets, Roaches, Grasshoppers
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Incomplete metamorphosis
good foods for human |
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features of Flies and Mosquitoes
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Complete metamorphosis
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common keys of Chordates
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Postanal tail
Pharyngeal slits Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Notochord |
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common key of Vertebrae
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Highly cephalized: head area, protect nerve cord
Vertebrae Closed circulatory system |
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common key of Jawless fishes
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no jaw
no bony skeleton the 1st evolved vertebrae |
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common key of Cartilaginous
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jaws: evolved from skeleton rods
mouth cranium |
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sharks in danger
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market:fin
by-catch: catching indisciminate other species |
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overfishing
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Fishly collapse:90% of top predators decrease(tuna, swordfish, shark)
Fishing:too efficient Harvest motrality Bycatch Physical impact of fishing gear ex) trawling "The tragedy in common" sustainability:keep top predators 1st |
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common key of Amphibians
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Tetrapods: 4limbs
Ecotothermic: inability of maintaning body temperature External fertilization: eggs need to stay moist Metamorphosis |
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common key of Reputiles
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Limbs positioned under the body
respiration only via lungs Ecotothermic Amniotic eggs: 3membranes |
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sea turtle in danger
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Habitat loss
Hunting Trade By-catch Climate change: sea level=habitatloss, PH=damage on feeding ground, temperature=feeding ground&sex determination Pollution Disesase |
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Iguana in danger
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Pet-trade
Food Myth that they eat goats Invasive animals |
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common key of birds
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Amniotic eggs
Feathers Parental care Endothermic=fast metabolism by warm blood |
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Mating system of birds
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Monogamy=pair-living (90%)
<->Polygamy Polyandry=1female&multiple males |
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birds in danger
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Habitat loss, degradation=fragmentation, brood parasites
Overharvesting:hunting, pet-trade By-catch Invasive species Pollution Climate change |
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common key of mammals
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Hair
Endothermic Mammary glands Specialized dentition |
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Functions of hair
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Insulation
Sensory function Appearance:Warning, Camouflage, Social information Protection |
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social system of mammals
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Harem
Multi-male groups Solitary living Pair-living Cooperative breeding |
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mammals in danger
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Climate change: ex)Polar bear
Invasive species Pet-trade:Slow production!! mother don't give up Bushmeat:Logging, commercial trade is worst |
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sexuak dimorphism
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traits which male has to fight against other males, or attract females
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