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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biodiversity importance |
Maintaining balanced ecosystem as all organisms rely on eachother |
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What is down before a major project |
Environmental impact assessment |
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Habitat biodiversity |
Number of different habitats within an area. E.g. Antarctica has very low |
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Species biodiversity |
Species richness- number of different species Species evenness- comparing number of individuals of each species |
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Genetic biodiversity |
Variety of genes making up a species- higher means more likely to survive changes in environment |
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Sampling |
Taking measurements of a limited number of individuals in an area Can be random or non |
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Random sampling |
Selecting individuals by chance using random number generators |
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Non random sampling |
Opportunistic- uses conveniently available organisms Stratified- random sample taken from each strata or group proportional to it's size Systematic- different areas within a sample are separately sampled using a line or belt transect |
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Line and belt transects |
Line uses one line between 2 poles and taking samples at specific distances Belt uses 2 parallel lines and samples taken from area between the 2 lines |
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Sampling plants |
Point quadrat- horizontal bar frame, long pins pushed through bar to reach ground, touching plants as it goes Frame quadrat- square frame divided into grids to determine % coverage |
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3 ways to measure plant cover |
Density = no. Per square metre Frequency = no. Of squares that have it %- estimate by eye of the area covered |
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4 ways to sample animals |
Pooter Sweep nets Tree beating Pitfall traps |
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Measuring animal population size |
Mark release recapture |
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Simpson's index of biodiversity |
Takes species richness and evenness into account 0 is no biodiversity 1 is infinite biodiversity |
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Factors affecting genetic biodiversity |
Gene flow- Interbreeding between different populations, causing alleles to transfer to the new population Mutation |
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How gene pool in population can decrease |
Selective breeding
Founder effect
Genetic bottlenecks
Genetic drift Natural selection |
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Genetic bottlenecks |
Few individuals survive an event so gene pool is reduced |
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Founder effect |
Small no. Individuals create a new isolated colony with a small gene pool |
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Genetic drift |
In low biodiversity organisms, sometimes by chance an allele will not be passed on and dies out |
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Calculating genetic biodiversity |
No. Polymorphic gene loci / no. Total loci Gives proportion of polymorphic genes, higher value = greater biodiversity |
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Polymorphic gene |
Gene with more than one allele |
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Global warming decreasing biodiversity 3 |
Low lying land flooding Extinction of plant species due to rising temperatures Tropical insects' habitats vary which affects survival of other species |
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Deforestation reducing biodiversity 2 |
Destroys animal habitats forcing migration Felling specific species can disrupt food web |
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Agriculture reducing biodiversity 4 |
Increases monocultures of certain crops reducing species richness
Hedgerow removal removes habitats and causes soil erosion
Pesticides kill food sources of animals
Herbicides kill food sources of insects |
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Deforestation |
The permanent removal of large areas of forest to provide fuel or space for roads, buildings, or agriculture |
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Global warming |
A rise in the earth's mean surface temperature |
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Climate change evidence 4 |
Warming over past 50 years is twice that of previous 100 years Water vapour in atmosphere has increased Sea level rise More precipitation in many regions |
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Aesthetic reasons for biodiversity |
Variety of habitats enriches lives through sport and activity Natural world inspires artists Patients recover faster in natural environments |
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Ecological reasons for biodiversity 2 |
When keystone species are lost the ecosystem is severely damaged Food sources are lost if say plants die out so can't decompose providing nutrients |
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Economic reasons for biodiversity 6 |
Deserts caused by lack of diversity are unsuitable for agriculture
Some industrially or medicinally useful species are important in society
Monocultures cause soil depletion reducing nutrients
Wild plants useful for cross breeding with for genetic purposes
Biodiversity causes tourism Can be used for scientific research |
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In situ and ex situ |
Inside an organisms natural habitat, preserves genetic diversity and evolutionary adaptations Removing an organism from it's habitat for extra reassural of survival, usually done alongside in situ |
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In situ measures |
Marine conservation zones e.g. Lundy island, preserves species rich zones as refuge areas while allowing fishing in other areas Wildlife reserves- restrict human access, control nutrients and cull invasive species and halting succession |
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Ex situ plants |
Botanical gardens- species given best resources and conditions yet wild species are under represented Seed banks- dried and stored at low temperatures to maintain viability- doent always work sadly |
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Ex situ captive breeding programs |
Zoos control animal breeding to create stable population, then reintroduce them into environment Disadvantages = Loss of disease resistance Loss of key behaviour Different genetic makeup to natural counterparts |
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Conservation agreements |
CITES
Prohibits wild plant trade
Regulates and monitors endangered species' trade
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Rio convention
Ensures sustainable use if habitats
Promotes ex situ conservation |
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Lincoln recapture assumptions |
Marks not lost Marked animals have same chance of recapture Marked mix with unmarked Marked are not affected by their marks |
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Sampling problems |
May not be wholly representative May be biased |
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Taxonomy |
Study of biological classification |
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Classification |
Grouping based on observable characteristics |
