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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The terminally differentiated nonlymphatic leukocytes are classified by the presence of what 3 things?
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1. Intracellular granules
2. lobed shape of the nuclei 3. types of histologic stains that are readily bound by intracellular components of the cell |
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What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
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1. Rubor
2. Tumor 3. Calore 4. Dolore |
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What is the fundamental purpose of leukocytes?
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to kill, consume, or destroy "foreign objects" like debris from biomaterials, bacteria, damaged tissue bits, or dead cells.
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Approximately, how many leukocytes are present per microliter in the blood of an adult?
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6000-10000 per microliter
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Intracellular granules are found in which WBC?
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils!
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Which WBCs are the Granulocytes?
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The PHILS! Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
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Granulocytes have a life span of how long?
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4-5 days in the tissues
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Basophils and Mast Cells both release what 4 things?
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1. Heparin
2. Histamine 3. Bradykinin 4. Serotonin |
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Where are Mast Cells typically found?
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Near (outside of) capillaries
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Basophils and Mast Cells are both involve in what kind of response?
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The "allergic" immune response which includes the rupture of these cells and the release of histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin.
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What doe Eosinophils do?
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They fight off parasitic infections by attaching themselves to parasites and releasing enzymes, superoxides, and a larvacidal protein called Major Basic Protein.
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Eosinophils, along with fighting off parasitic infections, consume what kind of complexes?
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Antibody-antigen complexes
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What is the main function of neutrophils?
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Phagocytosis or the consumption of foreign particles or objects
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Are neutrophils immature or mature when they are released from the bone marrow into circulation?
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Mature!
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Are monocytes immature or mature when they leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues?
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Immature!
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When Monocytes enter tissues, what happens?
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They swell up to 5 times their original size and are then called macrophages.
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What is the main purpose of Macrophages?
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Once monocyctes, the now macrophages phagocytose foreign objects.
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How long do macrophages typically live in the tissues?
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2 to 4 months
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What kind of tissues often have macrophages living there for years as a "first line of defense"?
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Skin and subcutaneous tissues, lung alveoli, liver sinuses that filter blood from the GI tract, and the lymph nodes.
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Of Macrophages and Neutrophils, which phagocytose greater quantities of particles?
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Macrophages!
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When confronted with the long-term presence of particles or objects too large to phagocytose, what do macrophages do?
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They can fuse together to form a large multinucleated Foreign Body Giant Cell.
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What is the life span of a Foreign Body Giant Cell?
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A few days
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What is the body's first cellular line of defence against any foreign objects or microorganisms that may be in the wound?
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Macrophages!
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What is Chemotaxis?
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Cellular migration along a chemical gradient
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Increased engagement of select receptors on one side of a cell can cause what to happen?
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Can act as a stimulus for the cell to migrate in that general direction.
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The process of cell migration starts with the extension of what?
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Lamellipodia in the direction the cell will move!
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Lamellipodia are formed by what?
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Polarized polymerization of the actiin filaments that make up a cell's cytoskeleton
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What is the first step of cellular migration?
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Lamellipodia makes adhesive contact with substratum underneath that protruding portion of cell which provides stable anchors for newly formed lamellipodia.
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What is the second step of cellular migration?
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Actin filaments at rear of the cell depolymerize and cell-substrate adhesive bonds break allowing overall cellular motion forward
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What is the body's second line of defense in the inflammation process?
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Neutrophils!
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Name 4 systems that produce Chemoattractants.
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1. Chemicals released from injured tissues - Tissue Plasminogen Activator
2. Products of coagulation - kallikrein and prostaglandins 3. Chemicals from fibrinolysis - fibrin degradation products 4. Members of the Lymphokine class of chemicals |
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What increases the probability of consumption by phagocytosis?
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Roughness of an object's surface
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What two things signal to the body that a foreign object needs to be phagocytosed?
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1. Rough surface
2. Immune system has "marked" it for destruction |
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What is Opsonization?
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Antibody, like C3b, in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and
other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes. |
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Once the neutrophil or macrophage recognizes and attaches to an opsonized object, what happens?
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The cell projects pseudopodia around the object where they meet and fuse therefore engulfing the object in a vacuole called a Phagosome.
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Proton pumps in the vacuole membrane of a Phagosome do what?
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Reduce the pH inside to approximately 4 thus killing the microorganism and enhancing some lysosomal enzymes.
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What is the Metabolic Burst that occurs in Neutrophils and Macrophages?
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Burst in which glucose metabolism increases 10-fold and oxygen consumption increases by 2 fold in order to form superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide in the phagosomes.
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The formation of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide in phagosomes means what?
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These reactive radicals and strong oxidizers can inactivate proteins and kill bacteria, viruses, yeast, and fungi.
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A neutrophil can usually phagocytose how many bacteria before being too worn out?
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5 to 20
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A macrophage can phagocytose how many bacteria before being too worn out?
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Up to 100 bacteria
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Macrophages can phagocytose objects up to what size?
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RBCs!
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What happens if the particle ingested is small but essentially indigestible?
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Intracellular lysosomes fuse with phagosome and eventually digest the phagosome itself which then causes toxic contents to spill and kill the macrophage. Other macrophages come in and reuptake the chemicals until it is eventually gone.
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What happens if the particle ingested is large and essentially indigestible?
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The same cycle of particle uptake, macrophage death, and reuptake of particles occurs but at a larger scale sometimes causing clinical problems like silicosis.
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What is Silicosis?
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A disease in which silica particles inhaled into the lungs cause large amounts of macrophage lysis and subsequent fibroblastic stimulation resulting in fibrotic regions in the lungs (decreased oxygenation).
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What happens to endothelial cells when nearby endothelial cells are damaged?
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They express more cell-cell adhesion receptors on their surface and they retract slightly from each other.
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The increase in adhesion receptors on endothelium when neighboring cells are injured causes what to happen with Neutrophils?
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They stick slightly to the endothelium and roll alond the endothelium which is called Margination.
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What is Margination?
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Process of Neutrophils sticking and rolling along endothelium.
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Near the site of injury, what happens to the endothelium in terms of receptors?
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Kinds and amounts of adhesion receptors expressed on the endothelium change to encourage strong Neutrophil adhesion.
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Near the site of injury, what happens in terms of neutrophils?
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Neutrophils adhere to endothelial surface and squeeze between two endothelium cells after inserting a pseudopod.
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What is Diapedesis?
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The tight squeeze through the endothelial junction and into the underlying tissue by neutrophils
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After diapedesis, what do the neutrophils do?
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They migrate through the tissue to the site of injury and proceed to phagocytose particles.
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What is the body's third line of defense in the inflammation process?
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Monocyte-Macrophage system!
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Although some tissue macrophages near the injury site an be mobilived quickly, is the total number of macrophages near the injury site high or low?
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Low!
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TRUE OR FALSE: Monocytes move from the blood vessels into the tissues in the same manner as neutrophils.
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TRUE
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How long does it take for migrating monocytes to achieve full phagocytic capacity?
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At least 8 hours!
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What is the fourth and final level of the defense system?
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The process of upregulating production of monocytes and glanulocytes in the bone marrow!
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How long does it take from the initial marrow stimulus to obtain new granulocytes and macrophages in the bloodstream?
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3 to 4 days
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The first stages of inflammation are characterized by what 2 things?
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1. Vasodilation
2. Increased vascular permeability |
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Coagulation-generated kinins play another important role in inflammation by increasing what? Why is this important?
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By increasing vascular permeability which allows the process of leukocyte diapedisis to occur as well as allowing the flow of water and blood proteins from circulation into the tissues.
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What are the 3 physiological causes of Rubor?
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1. Vasodilation
2. Adhesive endothelium 3. Clotting locally concentrates of erythrocytes |
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What are the physiological causes of Tumor?
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Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (from bradykinin, prostaglandins, histamines) cause local influx of fluid and cells
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What are the 3 physiological causes of Calore?
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1. vasodilation and increased vascular permeability increase local blood volume
2. Large numbers of leukocytes operating at increased metabolic rates 3. Pyrogens like interleukin 1! |
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What are the 2 physiological causes of Dolore?
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1. Deep pain receptors activated by local swelling (throbbing pain)
2. Sharp pain from injury, kinins |
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The long-term presence of foreign materials in the body may result in what?
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Increased production of monocytes and granulocytes in the bone marrow and the formation of Foreign Body Giant Cells at the tissue-material interface.
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What is acute inflammation?
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Inflammation due to mechanical injury or infection
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What is Chronic inflammation?
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Inflammation due to atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, etc.
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Of the WBC, which typically only pertain to infection?
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Lymphocytes
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Which WBC do we have the most of in our bodies at any given time?
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Neutrophils!
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Eosinophils release what 3 things?
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1. Histamine
2. Serotonin 3. Heparin |
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Histamine has what 2 purposes?
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1. Vasodilation
2. Endothelial activation (WBC migration) |
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What is the purpose of Cytokines?
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Activate cells to inflammation mode, among other purposes
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What are 3 important Cytokines?
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1. Interleukin 1
2. IL - 6 3. TNF - alpha |
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What are the 3 Arachidonic Acid Metabolites?
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1. Prostaglandins
2. Thromboxanes 3. Leukotrienes |
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What are Prostaglandins?
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Part of the arachidonic acid metabolites: they are anticoagulators and vasodilators
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What are Thromboxanes?
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Part of the arachidonic acid metabolites: they are coagulants and vasoconstrictors
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What are Leukotrienes?
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Part of the arachidonic acid metabolites: they are vasoconstrictors and cell activators
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Why are Aspirin and Ibuprofen anti-inflammatory?
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They block thromboxane production
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What are Cytotoxic T-Cells?
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They are cells that inject grenades of perforins + proteases into target cells as well as induce apoptosis by switching on a surface marker
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What are the 4 steps to Margination?
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1. Tethering
2. Rolling 3. Adhering 4. Diapedesis |
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Phagocytes have cell surface receptors for what 7 things?
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1. Bacterial markers
2. Cytokines 3. Prostaglandins (aa derivatives) 4. Tissue plasminogen activator 5. Kinin-Kallikrein factor 6. Complement products 7. Fibrin Degradation products |
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What are Cytokines?
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Proteins that regulate the cellular responses of the immune system
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What is Inflammation?
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The reaction of vascularized tissue to local injury
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What are the 6 functions of Leukocytes?
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1. Tethering
2. Rolling 3. Adhering 4. Chemotaxis 5. Diapedesis 6. Phagocytosis |
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What distinguishes chronic from acute inflammation?
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Presence of Lymphocytes
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TRUE OR FALSE: Mast cells are hard to damage.
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FALSE. They are fragile and easy to damage.
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