Biochemistry Week 2

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

enzyme-catalyzed transformations of organic molecules in living cells; the sum of anabolism and catabolism

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Metabolic pathways

Back 2

are anabolic pathway and catabolic pathway

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Catabolic pathway

Back 3

a degradative (energy-generating) pathway

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Anabolic pathway

Back 4

a biosynthetic (energy-requiring) pathway

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Amphibolic pathway

Back 5

a metabolic pathway that can be both, catabolic or anabolic

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Exergonic

Back 6

chemical reaction (goes to forward direction) with negative free energy (ΔG) or that generate energy. Catabolic pathway

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Endergonic

Back 7

chemical reaction (goes to reverse direction) with positive free energy (ΔG) or that consumes energy. Anabolic pathway

Front 8

Bioenergetics

Back 8

energy transformations in living organisms

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Electron carriers

Back 9

A protein such as flavoprotein or a cytochrome that can reversibly gain and lose electrons

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Autotroph

Back 10

also called producers. An organism that can synthesize its own complex molecules from C & N sources, such as CO2 and NH3

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Heterotroph

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also called consumers. An organism that requires complex nutrient molecules, such as glucose as a source of energy and C

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Glycolysis

Back 12

The catabolic pathway by which a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. (Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate then enters the mitochondrion, in which it is decarboxylated to the two-carbon acetyl group in acetyl-CoA by PDH)

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Aerobic glycolysis

Back 13

conversion of glucose to pyruvate and
oxygen is required to re-oxidize NADH formed during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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Anaerobic glycolysis

Back 14

conversion of glucose to lactate and NADH is re-converted to NAD+, without the participation of oxygen

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Gluconeogenesis

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Synthesis of carbohydrate (such as glucose) from non-carhydrates such as oxaloacetate or pyruvate. (conversion of pyruvate to glucose)

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Anaplerotic reactions

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Biosynthetic reactions that consume TCA cycle intermediates, must be balanced by reactions that produce them, called anaplerotic reactions

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Allosteric protein

Back 17

protein that can exist in alternative conformations

Front 18

Lipoate (lipoic acid)

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prosthetic group of pyruvate dehydrogenase.

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Prosthetic group

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metal ion or an organic compound that is covalently bound to a protein and is essential for its activity

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Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate)

Back 20

essential constituent of coenzyme A, also called vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life (essential nutrient)

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TPP

Back 21

Thiamine pyrophosphate, a prosthetic group that transfers carbonyl compounds

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Acyl carrier

Back 22

part of the fatty acid synthesizing enzyme complex, which carries acyl groups, also called acetyl group (CH3-CO).

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Electron carriers

Back 23

protein such as flavoprotein or a cytochrome that can reversibly gain and lose electrons.

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Lyase reaction

Back 24

an enzymatic reaction that removes a group non-hydrolytically from its substrate

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Isomerization

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convert from one isomer to another

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Condensation

Back 26

a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties (functional groups) combine to form one single molecule, with the loss of a small molecule

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Decarboxylation

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chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group (-COOH) is split off from a compound as CO2

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Dehydration

Back 28

chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule

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Hydration

Back 29

chemical reaction involving the addition of water to a compound

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Dehydrogenation

Back 30

chemical reaction that involves the elimination of H2