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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Electrons
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-Determine the chemical properties of elements
-chemical rxns involve sharing or exchanging of electrons -electrons can transfer energy to another molecule (carried by hydrogen atoms |
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Bonds
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Contain energy but also require energy to be broken
a)covalent (sharing) b)ionic (transfer) c)hydrogen |
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Non-Polar Covalent
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Equal sharing of electrons
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Covalent
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Unequal sharing. It can lead to hydrogen bonds. Ex: water
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Hydrogen Bonds (weaker)
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A bond between oxygen and hydrogen (opposite charges)
-oxygen atoms pull the electrons toward itself -polar covalent O end negative and H end positive -protein folding= gives protein molecules their specific shape -DNA=holds the two sides of DNA molecules together |
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Properties of Water
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-living things are mostly water
-has polarity -surface tension: water molecules "stick" to each other -solvent (can dissolve substances) -can hold a lot of heat and cools slowly --> helps maintain body temperature (sweat=loss of heat) -cohesion (same molecules) and adhesion (different molecules) ex: water moving from roots to leaves |
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Elements found in all living things
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
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pH
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-A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
-An acid is a substance that releases H+ ions when dissolved in water -A base is a substance that releases OH- into water -An organism must maintain their pH level in order to maintain homeostasis -Buffer is a substance that reacts with acids or bases to help keep the pH in a particular range -Human body has a pH of about 6-7 |
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Organic Compounds
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A compound with a carbon and hydrogen bond
Ex: methane (CH4) glucose (C6H12O6) ~carbohydrates ~proteins ~lipids ~nucleic acids |
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Inorganic Compounds
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A compound with no carbon and hydrogen bonds
~may contain carbon or hydrogen alone Ex: CO2 H2O mineral salts |
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Monomer
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A single unit or building block of larger compounds
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Polymer
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A large molecule made up many monomers
~these monomers can either be the same or different units |
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General Characteristics of Carbohydrates
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-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1)
-polymer of a simple sugars and are classified according to the number of sugars -sugars tend to end in "-ose" |
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Primary Function of Carbohydrates
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Short term energy (sugar)
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Secondary Function
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-Energy storage (starches in plants)
-structural components of living things |
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Monosaccharide
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"simple sugar" (monomer)
~small molecule ~one sugar ~soluble in water (dissolves) ~building blocks for larger carbohydrates Examples: -Glucose-C6H12O6-converted to ATP -Galactose-milk sugar -Fructose-fruit sugar (very sweet) -Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugars) -Ribose (5 carbon sugars) |
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Disaccharide
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"Double sugar"
~two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis to from a more complex sugar ~soluble in water ~3 monosaccharides ->larger carbohydrate and 1 molecules of water Examples -Glucose+Glucose=maltose+H2O -Glucose+Galactose=lactose+H2O -Glucose+Fructose=sucrose+H2O |
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Dehydration Synthesis
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A chemical reaction that involves the joining two smaller molecules to form a larger molecule
~a molecule of water is removed the reactants to join these two molecules together |
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Hydrolysis
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The opposite of dehydration synthesis; it involves breaking down larger compounds into smaller molecules
~a molecule of water is added to the reactants |
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Polysaccharides
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"Complex Carbohydrates"
~large molecule formed by joining many sugar molecules together by dehydration synthesis ~not soluble in water ~two main functions; storage and structural |
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Storage Functions of Polysaccharides
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~repeating units of glucose
~plants-->starch ~animals-->glycogen (muscles & liver in humans) |
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Structural Functions of Polysaccharides
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~repeating units of glucose
~plant cell wall-->cellulose ~exoskeletan-->chitin |
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General Characteristics of Lipids
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~contain carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen ~mostly carbon and hydrogen (less oxygen) ~not soluble in water ~fats &oils, steroids, phospholipid, and waxes ~are not polymers |
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Functions of Lipids
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~energy storage(reserve): more energy than carbohydrates but a longer process to get that energy
~insulation (fat stored under skin) ~structural components of many biological membranes (cell, organelles) ~make up some vitamins and hormones (chemical messengers) |
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Triglyceride
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~3 fatty acids and glycerol joined by the process of dehydration synthesis
~stored in fat tissue |
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Saturated Fat
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~straight chain of tightly packed hydrogen and carbon atoms
~all of the carbon bonds are filled, no more room for hydrogen atoms ~no double bonds ~solid at room temperature ~harder to break down ~ Ex: animal fats, butter |
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Unsaturated Fat
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~bent chain due to either double or triple bonds between carbon
~less hydrogen atoms ~liquid at room temperature Ex: oil (plant) |
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Phospholipid
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~part of plasma (cell) membrane-lipid bilayer (two layers)
~similar in structure to triglycerides except on fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group ~molecules have one end which is attracted to water and the other is repelled by it ~important in plasma membranes because the fatty acid end in attracted to water nd is hydrophobic (tail) ~phosphate group is attracted to water, hydrophilic (head) |
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Steroids
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~found in plasma membrane
>provides support >gives shape ~from food: cannot be dissolved in blood and must be transported by lipoproteins >made in liver ~part of hormones (reproductive) >hormones found in bloodstream carry messages |
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Emulsification
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~changing larger fat molecules into smaller fat molecules that can then be digested (broken down) by enzymes
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General Characteristics of Nucleic Acids
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~contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
~polymer of nucleotides (monomer) ~information carrying molecules |
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Building Block: Nucleotides
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~5 carbon suger-ribose deoxyribose
~phosphate group (PO4) ~nitrogen containing bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil (RNA) |
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DNA
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~found in the nucleus of most cells
~contain genetic information ~double helix ~Bases: A---T C---G |
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RNA
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~found in the nucleus- brings info to other places in the cell (ribosomes)
~involved in protein synthesis ~single helix ~Bases: A---U C---G |
