Biochemistry Terms

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Proteins

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Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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How are proteins found?

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proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids

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Amino Acids

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organic molecules that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group and makes up proteins
-There are 20 different amino acids
-all share same basic structure of carboxyl group, amino group, and R group (different for each protein)
- amino acids make proteins
- can be joined by any other amino acid in chains of varying lenghts- allows for tremedous diversity in the formation on proteins

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Peptide bonds

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chemical bonds that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

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Dipeptide

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two amino acids that form a peptide bond

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Polpeptides

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a long chain of several amino acids

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How are proteins made?

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DNA- instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored here
- are approx. 30,000 different proteins exoding genes in thr human genome

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What is the function on proteins

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enzymes- control the rate of reactions and regulate cells
structural- major components of bonds and muscles (chain of amino acids
transport- used to move
substances into and out of cells
Proteins are important because they provide structure

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chemical reactions

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one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

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catabolic reaction

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when energy is stored in complex molecules is released through the breaking down of molecules into simpler compounds
- energy is released

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anabolic reaction

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when energy is required to combine simpler molecules into more complex molecules
- required

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exergonic reaction

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catabolic reaction that is spontaneous (doesn't require energy to get going) and it releases energy

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endergonic

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anabolic reaction that is non- spantaneous (requires energy in order to move from the reactants to the products

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Metabolism

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the term used to describe ALL the chemical reactions that occur in an organism

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Enzymes

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protein or RNA molecule that act as biological catalysis
- essential to the function of any cells

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catalysis

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a substance (usu. an enzyme) that can change the rate of a chemical reaction
- the ability of enzymes to catalyze reactions depends on the enzymes shape and its substrate

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What is the function of an enzyme?

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- to reduce the amount of energy needed to start a reaction
- our body produces enzymes to reduce energy because lots of time we don't need that much energy

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pH (acidic base)

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-disrupts bonding between enzyme and its substrate (enzyme doesn't work we don't work)
- measures acidity

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Temperature (affect on enzymes)

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the rate of an enzyme
- catalyzed reaction may increase with a rise in temperature up to a point
- bonds of the enzyme begin to be disrupted and the proteins destabilizes
# Each enzyme has a temperature and a pH optimum, which it is MOst Active

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Cofactors

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small molecules that either bond permanently or reversibly w/ enzyme and are necessary for catectlyic function
- inorganic (Na)
- organic (coenzymes vitamins)

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Inhibitors

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selectively disrupt the action of enzyme
- Reversibly= binding w/ weak ionic bonds
- Irreversibly= by binding w/ covalent bonds

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Competitive Inhibitor

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competes with the substrate for the active site
- increase substrate concentration

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Non Competitive Inhibitors

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bind to a part of the enzyme (not the active site) changing the conformation/ shape to impeding/ slow- down enzyme action

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what makes up organic compounds?

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-made up of carbon and hydrogen
determine the structure and function of living things
contains covalently bonded chains or rings of carbon

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explain carbon.

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-has 4 electrons in its outer shell so it needs to covalently bond with other elements to get 8
- can form single, double, triple bonds
- only element on periodic table that can bond this way
- able to form strong, short, stable covalent bonds because electrons are so close together
- all living things are made up of carbon

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what is a functional group?

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influence the characteristics of molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the chemical molecules undergo

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covalent bond

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two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons

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ionic bond

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attractive forces between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- bond with metal and nonmetal elements

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products

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combination of the reactants.

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reactants

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they combine to make products

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condensation/ dehydration synthesis

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a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water

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hydrolysis

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a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more substances

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role of enzymes

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reduce the amount of energy needed to start a reaction
- WITHOUt enzymes reactions in body would occur to slowly

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carbohydrate monomers

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monosaccharide- ( glucose, fructose, galactose

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carbohydrate polymers

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polysaccharides
- starch (plant starch), glycogen (animal), cellulose (structural component for plants, chitin (exoskeletons for insects)

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carbohydrate function

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main source of energy for living things and structural material

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lipid monomers

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fatty acids

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lipid polymers

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phospholipids

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lipid function

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provide structure, cell membrane, store more energy per gram, and act as hormones

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nucleic acids monomers

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nucleotides

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nucleic acids polymers

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DNA, RNA

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nucleic acid function

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store and transfer important information in the cell

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carbohydrate monomers

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monosaccharide- ( glucose, fructose, galactose

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carbohydrate polymers

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polysaccharides
- starch (plant starch), glycogen (animal), cellulose (structural component for plants, chitin (exoskeletons for insects)

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carbohydrate function

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main source of energy for living things and structural material

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lipid monomers

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fatty acids

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lipid polymers

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phospholipids

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lipid function

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provide structure, cell membrane, store more energy per gram, and act as hormones

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nucleic acids monomers

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nucleotides

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nucleic acids polymers

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DNA, RNA

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function

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store and transfer important information in the cell