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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Amytal
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ETC, Complex I blocker
Stops brain function Sedative and hypnotic |
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Rotenone
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ETC, Complex I blocker
Insect control in garden and on pets(lice??) |
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Antimycin A
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ETC, Complex III
Fungicide |
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Carbon Monoxide(CO)
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ETC, Complex IV
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Cyanide(CN)
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ETC, Complex IV
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Oligomycin
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ETC, ATP synthase blocker. Blocks H+ channel into synthase(blocking oxidative phosphorylation)
Results in lactate in blood and urine. |
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Inhibition of ETC=
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inhibition of oxidative phosporylation
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Uncoupling proteins
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Proton channels that lead into mitochondria--> allows H+ to move back into mitochondria without being forced to go through ATP synthase. Causing no ATP to be formed. The energy leaves the cell as heat(brown adipose)
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2, 4-dinitrophenol (ionophore)
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(uncoupling protien) In 30th, has been used as a weight loss drug
Increases permeability of mitochondrial membrane to protons The energy of proton gradientis released as a heat without production of ATP Overdose can cause fatal hyperthermia |
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High doses of aspirin
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Uncoupler-At high doses, aspirin uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and causes fever
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Leigh's Disease
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Complex I disorder. CNS affected.
Onset: 1-5yrs Optic atrophy, respiratory abnormalities, ataxia, hypotonia, developmental delay. |
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Mitochondrial Myopathies
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MELAS:
Myopathy Encephalomyopathy Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like episodes 5-15yrs, maternal inheritance(extracellular)complex I |
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Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)
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Mitochondrically inherited degeneration of retinal ganglion cells-Optic atrophy. Complex I mutation. Vision loss in young adulthood. 90% european and asian from NADH dehydroginase mutation
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Free Radicals
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Free radicals can be produced by
Ionization radiation Pollutants: smoke and asbestos Free metal ions: copper and iron Metabolic reactions The respiratory chain is the major source of free radicals: Partial reduction of O2 by complex IV could convert it to superoxide anion radical (O2-) CoQ reduction in complexes I and II has a tendency to leak electrons directly to O2 Overall ~2% of cellular O2 forms superoxide radicals |
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Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS)
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are extremely toxic and can cause
Peroxidation damage to lipids DNA damage leading to cancer Oxidative tissue damage contributing to premature aging Degenerative disease cardiovascular diseases We can dispose ROS using Enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase/reductase Free radical scavengers: vitamins A, C, and E We can use ROS to Kill pathogens: hypochlorous acid produced by neutrophils |
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Good ROS
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Occurs only in Neutrophils: NADPH oxidase is activated on phagosomal membrane
Chronic granulomatosis patients are vulnerable to infection by microorganisms producing catalase to defend themselves against H2O2 |
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Xeroderma Pigmentosum
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Genetic Disorder of DNA repair. Pyrimidine dimers-constantly formed in skin cells exposed to sunlight. Caused by defects in UV-damage repair system. Cells can't repair damaged DNA=skin cancer
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Rifampin (rifampicin)
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In Prokaryotes, binds to RNA polymerase which changes its conformation causing transcription not to occur. Anitbiotic used to treat TB. Binds to beta subunit (prokaryotic) on RNA polymerase, changing the conformation which inhibits transcription.
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Epigenetics
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Chromatin and DNA modifications that are stable over rounds of cell division and do not change the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Ex: Can be influenced by starvation and fasting= person can be influenced by their grandparents genetics
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Caused by a missense mutation
In each of the alleles for β-globin DNA has a single base change In the sickle cell gene, GTG (Val) replaces the normal GAG (Glu) The oxygenated molecules are soluble, but upon de-oxygenation they aggregate into insoluble fibers These fibers deform the RBCs into spiny or sickle-shaped cells that can lead to various complications |
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Frameshift Mutation
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When the number of inserted or deleted nucleotides is not multiple of three
Reading frame is altered Resulting AA sequence may be radically different from this point on |
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diphtheria toxin
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Translation inhibitory, ADP-ribosylation of eEF2 by diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis leading to cell death
infects respiratory system and skin, leaves open wounds |
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Streptomycin
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Translation inhibitor, binds to the 30S subunit
Interferes with initiation Causes misreading of mRNA Can cause permanent hearing loss Used mainly for treatment of TB |
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Tetracycline
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Translation inhibitor, binds to 30S subunit
Inhibits binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to A site |
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Chloramphenicol
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Translation inhibitor, interferes with peptidyltransferase of 50S bacterial subunit
Has limited use in humans because it also inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis |
