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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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uric acid, pathways for kidneys
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filtration, reabsorption (98-100%, anion-exchanger), secretion, postsecretory reabsorption
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creatinine, formation, how much is formed how
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waste product from muscle metabolism, a 2% of the bodys creatine is broken down daily, nonenzymatically from creatine by an spontaneous & irreversible reaction
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creatinine, pathways to urine (%)
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filtration (90%), secreted (10%)
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AA to indicate skeletal muscle damage in urine
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3-methylhistidine
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metabolites found conjugated to sulfate in urine
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glucuronic acid, glycine
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glucose, saturation level of reabsorption in kidneys
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10 mM
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buffer systems in urine
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phosphates, ammonia
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urine, osmolality
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500-1200 mM
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urea, physiological excretion in urine/day
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67-580 mM
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creatinine, physiological excretion in urine/day
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8-18 mM
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uric acid, physiological excretion in urine/day
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1.5-4.4 mM
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Na+, physiological excretion in urine/day
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119-208 mM
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K+, physiological excretion in urine/day
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40-120 mM
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cast/cylindroids, what, higher formation in urine with
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precipitates of mucoprotein (GAGs) or plasma protein in the shape of cylinders in tubular structures of the body, can be with cellular elements, higher formation with low blood flow, high salt concentration & acidity
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hyaline cast, appearance, source, when
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quite transparent, denatured proteins WO cellular elements, renal disease (dehydration = transiently w exercise, fever, diuretic therapy, congestive heart failure)
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renal casts, types
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1 hyaline 2 granular 3 waxy 4 epithelial 5 erythrocyte 6 leukocyte
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bacteria, normal value in urine
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to 40/mL
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bilirubin, normal level in urine
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below 17 uM
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creatinine clearance test, formula, corrected to which body surface area
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(CU x V/t)/CS, 1.73 m2
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density of urine
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1.015-1.030g/mL
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glycosuria, level in urine
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above 0.8 mM
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granular cast, appearance, source, when
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dark dense, granular cellular debris+hyaline cast, glomeruli damage = chronic renal disease+recovery phase of acute renal failure
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heptaPHAN, detect what
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1 pH 2 proteins 3 glucose 4 ketone bodies 5 UBG 6 bilirubin 7 RBCs
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ketonuria, level in urine, most numerous substance
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above 1.5 mM, beta-hydroxybutyric acid
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pH of urine
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4.5-8
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proteinuria, level
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above 150 mg/day
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rbcs, normal value in urine
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below 5/mL
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simple cuboidal epi, normal value in urine, higher value indicate
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none, from renal tubules = kidney damage
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smell of urine, indicate
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increased urea to ammonia, intense = bacteria (produce ammonia)
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squamous epi, normal value in urine, higher value indicate
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to 15/mL, from epithelia of urinary tract (no clinical significance)
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waxy cast, apperance, source, when
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low transperancy, ''advanced granular cast'', advanced renal disease
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wbcs, normal value in urine, higher value indicate
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to 10/mL, inflammation
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