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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hormone substances that act at a distance
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Endocrine factors
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Hormone substances that act close to the cells that sectrete them
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Paracrine Factors
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Hormone substances that act directly on the cells that secreted them
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Autocrine Factors
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Chemical messengers that mediate intercellular communication
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Cytokines
Growth Factors Hormones |
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Carrier proteins for peptide hormones prevent
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hormone destruction by plasma proteases
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Carriers for small hydrophilic AA hormones prevent
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filtration through renal glomerulus
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Receptors for most AA, peptide hormones are located
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on the plasma membrane
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Activation of receptors by AA hormones (1st messengers) leads to INTRACELLULAR production of
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2nd messengers
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The main 2nd messengers
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cAMP
Ca2+ IP3 DAG |
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Proteins are Phosporylated on Ser and Thr by
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PKA (cAMP dependent)
PKC (DAG activated) |
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There are receptor Ser or Thr
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Kinases
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The blood vessel that carries hypothalamic-releasing hormones to the pituitary is called the
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portal vein
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One capillary bed is in the hypothalamus and the other is in the
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Anterior Pituitary
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Hypothalamus - pituitary
+ Releasing Hormones |
GHR - Growth Hormone Rel. H
TRH GnRH CRH PRF |
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The principal source of IGF-1
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Liver (other tissues secrete and contribute)
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IGF-1 regulation at the hypothalamus stimulates secreteion of___ which inhibits secretion of ______ at the pituitary
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Somatostatin
Growth Hormone |
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Direct IGF-1 action on the pituitary leads to down-reg of
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Growth Hormone
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones that directly affect the body
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Growth Hormone
Prolactin MSH |
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Anterior Pituitary homrones that regulate other glands
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TSH
ACTH FSH LH |
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Stimulates the development of mammary glands and production of milk
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Prolactin
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Stimulates melanocytes to sythsize melanin
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MSH
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Hormone that acts thyroid - thyroxin
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TSH
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Hormone that acts adrenal cortex - cortisol
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ACTH
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Hormones that act ovaries and testes - sex hormones and gamete production
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FSH
LH |
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Promotes gluconeogenesis and is hyperglycemic. Promotes AA uptake in cells.
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Growth Hormone
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Lack of ability to secrete GH - respond well toi GH therapy
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GH-def. dwarfs
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Lacj IGF-1 response to GH but not metabolic effects - def. in post-receptor manner
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Pygmies
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Production of excessive GH before ipiphyseal closure of long bones
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Gigantism
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GH excessive after epiphyseal closre
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Acromegaly
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones
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Oxytocin
ADH |
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Anterior Pituitary - TSH - Thyroid gland - (metabolic rate)
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Thyroxin
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Anterior pitutary - ACTH - Adrenal Cortex - (raises glucose levels in the blood)
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Cortisol
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Anterior pituitary - FSH, LH - Gonads -
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FSH - gamete production
LH - sex hormone production testosterone, estrogen, progesterone |
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Protein receptors -
Highly ______ for hormone |
Specific
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Protein receptors -
High affinity for |
Binding (high Ka, low Kd)
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Protein receptors -
Low numbers per cell |
Saturable
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Protein receptors -
__________ in responding tissues |
Localized
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Protein receptors -
Binding to hormones is _____ and ________ |
noncovalent and reversible
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Three Major Groups of peptide membrane Receptors
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Linked to ion channels
Serpentine linked to G proteins Growth Factor, cytokines - 1 tansmembrane domain - NZ linked |
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The signaling cascades of membrane-bound receptors invole PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION by
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Kinases
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G Proteins -
Binding of H induces |
Conformational change in receptor
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G Proteins -
Activated Receptor Binds to |
Ga Subunit
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G Proteins -
G Proteins - Binding Induces conf. change to Ga, GDP dissociates and is replaced by _______, Ga dissociates |
GTP
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G Proteins -
H dissociates from receptor: Ga binds to effector ______ |
Activating it
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G Proteins -
________ of GTP to GDP; Ga dossociates |
Hydrolysis
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B-adrenergic receptors bind ______
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Epinepherine and adrenaline
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B-adrenergic receptors are found in
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Mucsle
Liver Fat Cells |
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B-adrenergic receptors are activated when
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energey reserves in these tissues are mobilzed
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B-adrenergic receptors have 7 membrane spanning
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alpha helices - serpentine
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B-adrenergic receptors - as long at GTP remains bound to Ga subunit - it will continually
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Activate adenylate cyclase
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Some bacterial toxins work to inactivate (Cholera)
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GTPase activity - keeping it active - too much cAMP
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Ras binds to GDP/GTP and has
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GTPase activity
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RAS - Ser/Thr Kinase Cascade - activates ________
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MAP Kinase - Transcription Factor
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The Pancreas secretes NZ into the Duodenum through the
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Pancreatic duct (Exocrine Gland)
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Group of cells in Pancreas that secrete Insulin and Glucagon
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Islets of Langerhans
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Islets are endocrine because they are
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Ductless
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Insulin has a ____ receptor and is produced by the
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tyrosine kinase receptor
B-cells |
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Insulin Promotes
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Removal of glucose from the blood for stoage as glycogen
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Insulin inhibits ______ use as an energy source
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buildup of fats and proteins
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Glucagon is produced by the
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a-cells
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Glucagon is secreted When?
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between meals to maintain glucose concentration
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Glucagon raises
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level of glucose in the blood
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