Biochemistry -Nutrition

Front 1

B-complex deficiencies often result in what?

Back 1

dermatitis, glossitis, diarrhea

Front 2

thiamine: TPP

Back 2

vitamin B1

Front 3

riboflavin: FAD, FMN

Back 3

vitamin B2

Front 4

niacin: NAD+

Back 4

vitamin B3

Front 5

pantothenate: CoA

Back 5

vitamin B5

Front 6

pyridoxine: PP

Back 6

vitamin B6

Front 7

cobalamin

Back 7

vitamin B12

Front 8

this vitamin is a constituent of visual pigments

Back 8

vitamin A/retiol

Front 9

deficiency in this vitamin can lead to night blindness, dry skin, and impaired immune response

Back 9

vitamin A

Front 10

excess of this vitamin can cause arthralgias, fatigues, headaches, skin changes, sore throat, allopecia

Back 10

vitamin A

Front 11

deficiency of this vitamin is seen in beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome; seen in alcoholism and malnutrition

Back 11

vitamin B1

Front 12

which beriberi is associated with polyneuritis, muscle wasting?

Back 12

dry

Front 13

which beriberi is associated with high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) and edema?

Back 13

wet

Front 14

in thiamine pyrophosphate, this vitamin serves as a cofactor for oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids (pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate) and as a cofactor for transketolase in the HMP shunt

Back 14

vitamin B1

Front 15

deficiency of this vitamin leads to angular stomatitis, cheilosis, corneal vascularization

Back 15

vitamin B2 (the 2 C's)

Front 16

this vitamin serves as a cofactor in oxidation and reduction (e.g. FADH2)

Back 16

vitamin B2 (FAD and FMN are derived from riboFlavin (B2=2 ATP))

Front 17

what are the symptoms of pellagra/vitamin B3 deficiency?

Back 17

3 D's: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia (also beefy glossitis)

Front 18

Hartnup disease (increased tryptophan absorption), malignant carcinoid syndrome (increased tryptophan metabolism), and INH (decreased vit. B6) can all cause what vitamin deficiency?

Back 18

pellagra (vitamin B3/niacin)

Front 19

which vitamin is derived from tryptophan using vitamin B6 and is a constituent of NAD+ and NADP+?

Back 19

vitamin B3/niacin (NAD derived from Niacin; B3 = 3 ATP)

Front 20

deficiency of this vitamin can cause dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, and adrenal insufficiency

Back 20

vitamin B5 (pantothenate)

Front 21

this vitamin is a constituent of CoA (a cofactor for acyl transfers) and component of fatty acid synthase

Back 21

vitamin B5 (pantothen-A is in Co-A)

Front 22

deficiency of this vitamin can cause convulsions, hyperirritability (deficiency inducible by INH and oral contraceptives), and peripheral neuropathy

Back 22

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Front 23

this vitamin is converted to pyridoxal phosphate, a cofactor used in transamination (e.g. ALT, AST), decarboxylation, and heme synthesis

Back 23

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Front 24

deficiency of this vitamin can cause macrocytic, megabloblastic anemia; neurologic symptoms (optic neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration, paresthesia); and glossitis

Back 24

vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Front 25

where is vitamin B12 found?

Back 25

only in animal products

Front 26

this vitamin serves as a cofactor for homocysteine methylation (transfers CH3 groups as methylcobalammin) and methylmalonyl-CoA handling

Back 26

vitamin B12

Front 27

where is vitamin B12 stored?

Back 27

primarily in the liver; synthesized only by microorganisms

Front 28

what might the abnormal myelin seen in B12 deficiency be due to?

Back 28

decreased methionine or increased methylmalonic acid (from metabolism of accumulated methylmalonyl CoA)

Front 29

what is the most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S.?

Back 29

folic acid

Front 30

deficiency of this vitamin can cause a macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia often without neurologic symptoms

Back 30

folic acid

Front 31

this vitamin serves as a coenzyme 1-carbon transfer & is involved in methylation reactions; it is important for the synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA

Back 31

folic acid

Front 32

what is the folic acid precursor in bacteria? what kind of drugs are analogs of it?

Back 32

PABA; sulfa drugs and dapsone are PABA analogs

Front 33

deficiency of this vitamin is marked by dermatitis & enteritis, and is caused by antibiotic use and ingestion of raw eggs

Back 33

biotin (avidin in eggs avidly binds biotin)

Front 34

this vitamin is a cofactor for carboxylations:
pyruvate -> oxaloacetate
acetyl-CoA -> malonyl-CoA
proprionyl-CoA -> methylmalonyl-CoA

Back 34

biotin

Front 35

this vitamin is necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis

Back 35

vitamin C (C Cross-links Collagen)

Front 36

this vitamin facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in Fe2+ reduced state (more absorbable) and is also necessary as a cofactor for dopamine -> NE

Back 36

vitamin C

Front 37

what form of vitamin D is found in milk?

Back 37

D2 = ergocalciferol

Front 38

what form of vitamin D is formed in sun-exposed skin?

Back 38

D3=colecalciferol

Front 39

what is the storage form of vitamin D?

Back 39

25-OH D3

Front 40

what is the active form of vitamin D?

Back 40

1, 25 (OH)2 D3

Front 41

deficiency of this vitamin causes rickets in children (bending bones), osteomalacia in adults (soft bones), and hypocalcemic tetany

Back 41

vitamin D

Front 42

this vitamin increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate

Back 42

vitamin D

Front 43

excess of this vitamin causes hypercalcemia, loss of apetite, and stupor

Back 43

vitamin D

Front 44

what disease can be associated with vitamin D excess?

Back 44

sarcoidosis - epitheliod macrophages convert vitamin D into its active form

Front 45

deficiency of this vitamin is associated with increased fragility of erythrocytes

Back 45

vitamin E (E-Erythrocytes)

Front 46

deficiency of this vitamin can cause neonatal hemorrhage with increased PT and PTT but normal bleeding time

Back 46

vitamin K

Front 47

what are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?

Back 47

II, VII, IX, X, proteins C & S

Front 48

what drug is a vitamin K antagonist?

Back 48

warfarin

Front 49

this vitamin catalyzes gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on various proteins concerned with blood clotting

Back 49

vitamin K

Front 50

what synthesizes vitamin K?

Back 50

intestinal flora - deficiency can occur after prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotic use

Front 51

deficiency of this vitamin is associated with delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, and may predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis

Back 51

zinc

Front 52

what is the rate-limiting reagent in ethanol metabolism?

Back 52

NAD+

Front 53

by what order kinetics does alcohol dehydrogenase operate?

Back 53

zero-order

Front 54

what does disulfiram inhibit? what accumulates?

Back 54

inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; acetaldehyde accumulates, contributing to hangover symptoms

Front 55

what is the result of the increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver that is caused by ethanol metabolism?

Back 55

causes diversion of pyruvate to lactate and OAA to malate - inhibits gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia

Front 56

what is responsible for the hepatic fatty change seen in chronic alcoholics?

Back 56

increased NADH/NAD+ ratio - shunts away from glycolysis and toward fatty acid synthesis)

Front 57

this is protein malnutrition resulting in skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction (fatty change)

Back 57

Kwashiorkor (small shild with swollen belly)
MEAL: malabsorption, edema, anemia, liver (fatty)

Front 58

this is protein-calorie malnutrition resulting in tissue wasting

Back 58

marasmus