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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is does the oxygen uptake number tell us about ATP demand?
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the higher the number the more the tissue requires oxygen for use in the production of ATP
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Rank in order of increasing oxygen demand: BRAIN, HEART, KIDNEY, LIVER, SKELETAL MUSCLE (REST & MARATHON)
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resting skeletal muscle < liver < brain < heart < skeletal marathon < kidney
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why does the kidney require so much ATP production?
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ion transport to maintain gradients
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Which cells are involved in HCl synthesis?
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parietal cells
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Why isn't zantac as effective as proton pump inhibitors?
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because zantac inhibits signal transduction pathways… and therefore the pathway can be activated through alternate means
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How does a proton pump inhibitor work?
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They bind to this proton pumps, a.k.a. H+/K+ ATPase, and they decrease their ability to hydrolyze ATP and its ability to put protons in the stomach, and thus decrease the stomach acid
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What is Nexium (Protonix)?
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a proton pump inhibitor used for gastric esophageal reflux disease
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Besides asenic siphoning off glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, where else can arsenic can have adverse effects?
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what are the symptoms for OCTN2 (plasma membrane sodium-dependent carnitine transporter)?
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cardiomyopathy, weakness of skeletal muscle at age 2-4, Renal threshold ~2, intermediate carnitine levels, carnitine uptake absent in skin,
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What is the treatment for OCTN2?
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oral carnitine @ pharmacological doses, 2) plasma carnitine ~ normal, 3) muscle carnitine approaches 5-10% normal
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What is the HIF-1∂ gene?
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HIF-1∂ is a set of genes that is turned on in response to hypoxia (running, high altitudes, etc), where glycolysis and erythroporiesis responds to the lack of oxygen.
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How is the HIF-1∂ controlled?
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pVHL tumor suppressor, which, in the presence of oxygen marks hydroxylated HIF-1∂-OH for ubuiquination
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How is this system hijacked by tumor cells?
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pVHL is inhibited
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What is Von Hipel-Lindau disease?
How does one get Hipel-Landau disease? |
1. The disabling of pVHL ubiquinating gene…
2. It is inherited (w/ variable penetrance) |
None
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What are macronutrients?
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fuels
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what are micronutrients?
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vitamin and minerals
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what are the fat soluble vitamins?
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ADEK
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What are the water soluble viatmins
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B1, niacin, riboflavin, patothenate
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what are water soluble vitamins used as?
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precursors of coenzymes (energy releasing enzymes)
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what are the 4 ways a person acquire a vitamin deficiency?
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dietary insufficiency, poor food preparation, increased metabolic needs, poor absorption from the gut
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which 2 TCA cycle enzymes uses thiamin (B1)?
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pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate --> acetyl CoA rxn) and α-ketogluterease-dehydrogenase (∂-ketoglutarate --> succinyl CoA rxn)
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What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? (symptoms, causes)
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Seen in alcoholics: Symptoms: ATAXIA: (gait impairment, unclear speech, hand incoordination)
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What if the differential diagnosis is ambiguous? (Emergency room Rx of confused or comatose patient… thought to be an alcoholic?)?
What should you give first? |
Naloxone, thiamine, intravenous dextrose (glucose)
Glucose first |
None
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