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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much energy do Carbs supply?
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4 kcal/g
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How much energy do Proteins supply?
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4 kcal/g
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How much energy do Fats supply?
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9 kcal/g
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How much energy does Alcohol supply?
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7 kcal/g
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What is a Macronutrient? Give examples.
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-Needed in Gram Quantities or More
-Fats, Carbs, Proteins |
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What is a Micronutrient? Give examples.
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-Needed in Milligrams or Micrograms
-Vitamins and Minerals |
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Why should we eat Fiber even though we can't digest it?
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-Normalizes Stools
-Reduces Hemorrhoids -Decreases Bowel Exposure to Carcinogens -Soluble Fiber can Lower Blood Cholesterol |
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Why are Carbohydrates Essential in the Diet?
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-They aren't
-Protein can be used for Gluconeogenesis -Ketone Bodies can also be used |
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What is Glycemic Index? What does a High Glycemic Index Mean? Low?
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-Measure of the rate at which different types of Carbs Increase Blood Glucose Levels
-High - Increase Blood Glucose Faster -Low - Harder for the Body to Digest and Increase Blood Glucose Slow |
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What is so fucking cool about Fats?
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-Supply Energy
-Required for Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins -Increase Palatability of Foods |
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What types of Fats are Usually Unsaturated? Saturated?
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-From Plants, Olive and Canola Oils, Soybean and Corn Oils, Fish and Grains
-Coconut and Palm Oil, Animal Sources |
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Which Fatty Acids are Essential? What are they required for?
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-Linoleic and Linolenic Acid
-Eicosanoid Synthesis and Membrane Fluidity |
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What is required for Eicosanoid Synthesis and Membrane Fluidity?
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Essential Fatty Acids
-Linoleic Acid -Linolenic Acid |
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What does Biologic Value determine?
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Content of Essential Amino Acids
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What types of Proteins have High Biologic Value? Low?
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-Animal
-Plant |
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How can you calculate the Daily Protein Requirement of a person assuming mixed Biologic Value?
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.8 g Protein / kg of Body Weight
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Cholesterol is only found in Animal Foods
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Flip this slide and read it again so you don't forget. Get $$$, F*&# Hoes
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What types of Fatty Acids Increase Plasma Cholesterol Levels?
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Saturated
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What types of Fatty Acids Decrease Plasma Cholesterol Levels?
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Unsaturate
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What types of Fatty Acids are Antithrombogenic?
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids
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Why is everyone so scared of Trans-Fats?
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-Have a Double Bond in the Trans Conformation
-Allows them to pack better -Raises Plasma Cholesterol |
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What benefits can Alcohol have?
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-Increase HDL Levels
-Decreases risk of Coronary ARtery Disease |
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What is Kwashiorkor? What Happens?
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-Inadequate intake of Protein with Adequate Calories (Mostly from Carbs)
-Synthesis of Proteins is Impaired -Decreases Albumin Content |
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What is Marasmus? What Happens?
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-Starving - lacking calories
-Arrested Growth -Muscle Wasting |
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Which Vitamins are Water-Soluble?
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BC
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Which Vitamins are Fat-Soluble?
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DEAK
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What function do most Water-Soluble Vitamins serve in the body?
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Cofactors in Enzyme Reactions
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What is the Cofactor form of Folic Acid?
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THF
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What cofactor is Essential for the Biosynthesis of Purine, Pyrimidines, and some AAs?
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THF
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What is THF essential for?
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Biosynthesis of Purine, Pyrimidines, and some AAs
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What do Sulfonamides and Methotrexate target?
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Folic Acid
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Which drugs Target pathways involving Folic Acid?
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-Sulfonamides
-Methotrexate |
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What might a mutation in MTHFR lead to?
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Hyperhomocysteinemia
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Describe the structure of Cobalamin.
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Resembles Heme with Cobalt Ion in the center
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With is another name for Vitamin B12?
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Cobalamin
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With is another name for Cobalamin?
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Vitamin B12
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What 2 reactions require Cobalamin as a Cofactor?
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-Homocysteine Methyl Transferase (Methionine from Homocysteine)
-Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase (Succinyl CoA from Methylmalonyl CoA) |
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What is the "Methyltetrahydrofolate Trap" Hypothesis?
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-Linkage between B12 and Folate Deficiencies
-Without B12, conversion of Homocysteine to Methionine doesn't run well -Will Accumulate Methyl THF -Won't have Folic Acid that is Needed for Other Reactions -Will be Deficient in Folate even if you aren't taking it in |
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What is Pernicious Anemia?
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-Defect in the Ability to Absorb B12
-IF is needed to Abosrb B12 -Patients get Anemia |
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How is Pernicious Anemia Treated?
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Injection of B12
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How does Scruvy Result?
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Vitamin C Deficiency
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What is another name for Vitamin A?
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Retinol
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What types of functions is Vitamin A involved in?
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-Vision
-Reproduction -Growth |
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What is Reinoic Acid? What does it do?
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-Oxidized form of Vitamin A
-Acts on Nuclear Receptors to Regulate Gene Expression -Acts like a Hormone |
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What is Retinal? What does it function in?
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-From Oxidation of Retinol
-Functions as a Light Receptor in Vision |
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What can result from Vitamin A Deprivation?
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-Loss of Appetite
-Slowed Bone Growth -Damage to CNS -Night Blindness |
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If a patient comes in with the following symptoms, what might they be suffering from?
-Loss of Appetite -Slowed Bone Growth -Damage to CNS -Night Blindness |
Vitamin A Deficiency
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What is the Active form of Vitamin D?
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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
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What is 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3?
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Active form of Vitamin D
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What does Vitamin D do?
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Regulates Calcium in the Blood
-Increases Uptake of Calcium -Increases Calcium Mobilization from Bone |
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What is a Deficiency of Vitamin D in the Diet in Children known as? Adults?
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-Ricketts
-Osteomalacia |
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What is Osteomalacia?
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Deficiency of Vitamin D in the Diet in Adults
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What is Ricketts?
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Deficiency of Vitamin D in the Diet in Children
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What function does Vitamin K Serve?
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Cofactor in Carboxylation of Blood-Clotting Pathways
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What are some Sources of Vitamin K?
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-Kassage
-Cauliflower -Spinach -Egg-Yolk -Liver -Bacteria in the Gut can Synthesize it |
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To avoid deficiency in this Vitamin, newborns are injected with it
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What is Vitamin K?
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What do Warfarin and its Derivatives (Coumadin, Dicumarol) do?
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-Blood Thinners
-Inhibit Clotting |
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What is Vitamin E? What does it do?
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-Antioxidant
-Prevents Oxidation of Fats and Membrane Components |
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Loss of what types of cells causes Pernicious Anemia?
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Parietal Cells in the Stomach that Secrete IF
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Where type of Molecule is Vitamin D?
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Steroid Hormone
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What are some sources of Vitamin D?
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-Plants
-Animal Tissues -Yolk -Fortified Milk -Produced from Cholesterol under UV Light |
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How is D Activated? What results?
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2 Hydroxylation Reactions
-Liver - 1st at the 25 Position -Kidney - 2nd at the 1 Positon -Results in 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 |
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Where does the 1st Hydroxylation Reaction in the Activation of Vitamin D take place? At What Position?
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-Liver
-25 |
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Where does the 2nd Hydroxylation Reaction in the Activation of Vitamin D take place? At What Position?
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-Kidney
-1 |
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What stimulates the 2nd Hydroxylation Reaction in the Activation of Vitamin D to take place? What Inhibits it?
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-PTH, Low Phosphate and Calcium
-Feedback Inhibited by Activated Final Product: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 |
