Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
molecular weight
|
relative molecular mass (Mr); the mass of a molecule relative to 1/12 the mass of 12C; there are no units associated with the values
|
|
|
systematic name
|
a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object, or chemical substance
|
|
|
substituent
|
an atom or functional group that replaces a hydrogen atom on a hydrocarbon
|
|
|
phosphate
|
PO4^3- or any compound containing this ion
|
|
|
structural isomers
|
molecules with the same molecular formula having different bond orders
|
|
|
functional group
|
a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule
|
|
|
resonance
|
a way of describing delocalized electrons within certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the bonding cannot be expressed by one single Lewis formula
|
|
|
resonance hybrid
|
a compound, molecule, ion, or radical exhibiting resonance and having a structure represented in the written form as the average of two or more structural formulas separated each from the next by a double-headed arrow
|
|
|
chiral compound
|
not superimposable with its mirror image
|
|
|
stereoisomers
|
isomer molecules that have the same molecular formula and bonds, but differ by their three-dimensional orientation
|
|
|
configuration
|
D or L when referring to stereoisomers
|
|
|
chiral center
|
an atom in a molecule that is bonded to four different chemical species, allowing for optical isomerism
|
|
|
tautomer
|
organic compounds that are interconvertible by a chemical reaction called tautomerization
|
|
|
intramolecular reaction
|
reaction limited within the structure of a single molecule
|
|
|
addition reaction
|
the insertion of a small molecule directly into a double or triple carbon bond
|
|
|
elimination reaction
|
a type of chemical reaction where a reactant loses atoms or groups of atoms and forms a double bond
|
|
|
substitution reaction
|
a type of chemical reaction where an atom or functional group of a molecule is replaced by another atom or functional group
|
|
|
mechanism
|
sequence of steps which occurs during a chemical reaction
|
|
|
catalysis
|
the acceleration (or deceleration) of a chemical reaction due to the presence of a catalyst
|
|
|
specific acid catalysis
|
catalysis by protons
|
|
|
curved arrow
|
represents the shift of one electron pair
|
|
|
electron pushing
|
a bookkeeping device to easily keep track of bonding and formal charges when interconverting resonance structures or depicting reactions
|
|
|
oxidation
|
the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom, or ion
|
|
|
reduction
|
the gain of electrons
|
|
|
oxidation number
|
the electrical charge that the central atom in a coordination compound would have if all the ligands and electron pairs were removed
|
|
|
D-glucose
|
a simple monosaccharide found in plants
|
|
|
hydroxyl group
|
a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen atom
|
|
|
ester
|
an organic compound where the hydrogen in the compound's carboxyl group is replaced with a hydrocarbon group
|
|
|
nonpolar
|
no separation of charge; no positive or negative poles
|
|
|
monosaccharide
|
a simple sugar of three or more carbon atoms with the empirical formula (CH2O)n
|
|
|
carbohydrate
|
a compound that is a hydrate of carbon in which the ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1; includes monomeric sugars (i.e., monosaccharides) and their polymers
|
|
|
aldehyde
|
a substance containing the CHO group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain
|
|
|
ketone
|
a compound containing a carbonyl functional group bridging two groups of atoms
|
|
|
sp3-hybridized orbital
|
form four bonds with tetrahedral geometry
|
|
|
tetrahedral
|
a central atom forms four bonds which are directed toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron
|
|
|
sp2-hybridized
|
forms three bonds
|
|
|
trigonal planar
|
one atom at the center and three atoms at the corners of a triangle all in one plane
|
|
|
enantiomer
|
one of a pair of optical isomers
|
|
|
diastereomers
|
stereoisomers that are not enantiomers or mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Fischer projection
|
a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection
|
|
|
enolate ion
|
anion formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from the hydroxyl group of an enol
|
|
|
kinetic
|
associated with motion
|
|
|
thermodynamic
|
associated with work, heat, and the related properties of chemical and mechanical systems
|
|
|
carbonyl
|
a C=O bond
|
|
|
alcohol
|
a compound that possesses a hydroxyl group
|
|
|
phosphate
|
-OPO3^2-
|
|
|
carboxylic acid
|
RCOOH
|
|
|
carboxyl
|
-COOH
|
|
|
anhydride
|
an organic compound that has two acyl groups bound to the same oxygen atom
|
|
|
mixed anhydride
|
R1-COOOC-R2
|
|
|
phosphoanhydride
|
phosphoric anhydride
|
|
|
hydrolysis
|
a reaction in which bonds are cleaved by treatment with water
|
|
|
carboxylate
|
-COO^-
|
|
|
equivalent
|
of equal energy
|
|
|
hemiacetal
|
a compound containing a hydroxyl group (OH) and an alkoxy group (OR) connected to the same carbon atom
|
|
|
acetal
|
a functional group characterized by two alkoxy (OR) groups connected to the same carbon atom; can be used as protecting groups for aldehydes or ketons
|
|
|
hemiketal
|
C connected to 1) R1; 2) R2; 3) OR3; and 4) OH
|
|
|
ketal
|
a type of acetal compound with the general structure R2C(OR')2 where neither R group is a hydrogen atom
|
|
|
glucoside
|
a glycoside that is derived from glucose
|
|
|
glycoside
|
an acetal that is obtained by treating the cyclic hemiacetal form of a monosaccharide with an alcohol under acid-catalyzed conditions
|
|
|
N-glycoside
|
the product obtained when a monosaccharide is treated with an amine in the presence of an acid catalyst
|
|
|
amine
|
compound containing a nitrogen atom that is connected to one, two, or three alkyl or aryl groups
|
|
|
thiol
|
compound containing a mercapto group (SH)
|
|
|
primary amine
|
RNH2
|
|
|
secondary amine
|
R2NH
|
|
|
tertiary amine
|
R3N
|
|
|
primary ammonium ion
|
RNH3^+
|
|
|
nucleophile
|
a compound containing an electron-rich atom that is capable of donating a pair of electrons
|
|
|
disulfide
|
a compound with the structure R-S-S-R
|
|
|
phosphoester
|
an ester bond with a phosphorus in place of the carbonyl carbon
|
|
|
electrophile
|
a compound containing an electron-deficient atom that is capable of accepting a pair of electrons
|
|
|
Lewis acid
|
a compound capable of functioning as an electron-pair acceptor
|
|
|
redox
|
reduction and oxidation
|
|
|
ligan
|
an atom, ion, or molecule that donates or share one or more of its electrons through a covalent bond with a central atom or ion
|
|
|
enediol
|
an alkene enol with a hydroxyl group attached to both carbon atoms of the carbon double bond
|
|
|
aldol condensation
|
an aldol addition followed by dehydration to give an alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone or aldehyde
|
|
|
general base catalysis
|
proton transfer to the reactant during the slow step of the reaction
|
|
|
oxidizing agent
|
the substance that becomes reduced during a redox reaction
|
|
|
regiospecific
|
one structural isomer is produced exclusively when other isomers are theoretically possible
|
|
|
asymmetric induction
|
the preferential formation in a chemical reaction of one enantiomer or diastereoisomer over the other as a result of the influence of a chiral feature present in the substrate, reagent, catalyst, or environment
|
|
|
stereospecific
|
a reaction in which the configuration of the product is dependent on the configuration of the starting material
|
