Biochemistry Ii

Front 1

Catabolism

Back 1

degradation

Front 2

Anabolism

Back 2

biosynthesis

Front 3

Autotrophs

Back 3

synthesize all their cellular constituents from simple molecules such as H2O, CO2, NH3 and H2S

-2 possible energy sources (chemolithotrophs and photoautotrophs)

Front 4

Chemolithotrophs

Back 4

get E from oxidation of inorganic compounds such as NH3, H2S and Fe2+

Front 5

Photoautotrophs

Back 5

get E from photosynthesis (light energy powers the transfer of electrons from inorganic donors to CO2 to produce carbs (CH2O)n)

Front 6

Heterotrophs

(And what do they depend on??)

Back 6

-get G by oxidation of organic compounds
-ultimately depend on autotrophs

Front 7

Obligate aerobes

Back 7

obligated to usage of O2

Front 8

Obligate anaerobes

Back 8

poisoned by O2

Front 9

Anaerobes

Back 9

use oxidizing agents such as sulfate or nitrate

Front 10

Facultative anaerobes

Back 10

can grow in either presence or absence of O2

Front 11

Facultative

Back 11

either or can work depending on circumstances

Front 12

Metabolites

Back 12

reactants, intermediates and products of metabolic pathways

Front 13

What are the major free energy sources of anabolic pathways?

Back 13

ATP and NADPH

Front 14

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 14

Acetyl-CoA goes to CO2 by oxidation

Front 15

What reduced coenzymes does the Citric Acid Cycle produce?

Back 15

NADH and FADH2

Front 16

Reduction

Back 16

-gain of electrons
-loss of O
-gain of H

Front 17

Oxidation

Back 17

-loss of electrons
-gain of O
-loss of H

Front 18

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 18

ADP + Pi → ATP

(powered by the free energy from oxidation of metabolic fuels)

Front 19

Glycolysis

Back 19

carbohydrate degradation pathway

Front 20

Mitochondrion

Back 20

C,O,F,A

CA cycle
OP (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
Fatty acid oxidation
Amino Acid breakdown

Front 21

Cytosol

Back 21

GX, PPP, FA↑, gluconeogenesis

Front 22

Lysosomes

Back 22

enzymatic digestion of cell components and ingested matter

Front 23

Nucleus

Back 23

-DNA replication and transcription
-RNA processing

Front 24

Golgi apparatus

Back 24

-postranslational processing of membrane and secretory proteins
-formation of plasma membrane and secretory vesicles

Front 25

Rough ER

Back 25

synthesis of membrane-bound and secretory proteins

Front 26

Smooth ER

Back 26

lipid and steroid biosynthesis

Front 27

Peroxisomes
(glyoxysomes in plants)

Back 27

-oxidative reactions catalyzed by amino acid oxidases and catalase
- glyoxylate cycle reactions in plants

Front 28

Most ATP is contained where?

Back 28

cytosol

Front 29

Which mammalian organ is responsible for the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors?

Back 29

liver

Front 30

Gluconeogenesis

Back 30

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors

Front 31

Adipose tissue is responsible for storage of what?

Back 31

Triacylglycerols

Front 32

Isozyme

Back 32

enzymes that catalyze the same rxn but:

1. encoded by different genes

2. have different kinetic or regulatory properties

Front 33

What are the two isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase and where are they found?

Back 33

M and H type

M- muscle (skeletal) and liver- predominates in tissues subject to anaerobic conditions
H-heart- predominates in tissues subject to aerobic conditions

Front 34

What does lactate dehydrogenase do?

Back 34

interconverts lactate and pyruvate

M isomer better at P→L (Ampel)

H isomer better at L→P

Front 35

A heart attack can be diagnosed by finding what in the blood?

Back 35

H-type LDH