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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sucrose composed of?
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glucose and fructose
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What is lactose composed of?
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glucose and galactose
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What is maltose composed of?
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glucose and glucose
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Which pancreatic enzymes can be dangerous in the body? Where are they meant to be acitve?
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proteases and phopholipases
In the lumen of the intestines |
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Acute pancreatitis
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abnormal and premature proteolytic activation of enzymes
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Deficiency of conjugated bile salts can lead to:
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gallstones and steatorrhea
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What are chylomicrons?
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transport FA and are released into the lymph and join the blood circulation at the thoracic duct
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Where does uric acid come from?
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purine
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What digestions occur in the mouth?
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start of carbohydrates
triaylglycerols w/ med chain FA |
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What digestions occur in the stomach?
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gastrin induces more gastric acid
stop a-amylase digestion start of protein digest cont of digest of TAG |
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What is special about lingual lipase?
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active in low pH and digests medium chain FA
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What does salivary alpha-amylase cleave?
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alpha (1-4) of starch and glycogen
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What is pepsinogen?
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produced in the stomach and released in the lumen
cleaved to pepsin (active) |
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What is a chyme?
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partially degraded dietary lipids and proteins
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What hormones does chyme initiate?
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cholecystokinin (cck) and secretin from the intestinal endocrine cells
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What does secretin do?
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signals pancreas to secrete bicarbonate and water
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What does CCK do?
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1. gallbladder emptying (bile)2. pancreatic enzyme secretion
3. inhibits gastric mobility 4. activates enteropeptidase |
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What causes the release of CCK?
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fatty acid and amino acids
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Pancreatic alpha-aymylase
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breaks down oligosaccharides --> disaccharides
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List the proenzymes in the pancreas:
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activated form:
1. trypsin 2. chymotrypsin 3. elastase and carboxypeptidases 4. procolipase and prophospholipase |
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Enteropeptidase
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cleaves trypsinogen (non active) -> trypsin which then cleaves everything else
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cystic fibrosis of the pancreas
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hereditary disorder
congestion of lung dry mucous malabsorptino of nutrients by pancreas |
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What causes the dry mucous in cystic fibrosous?
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Pancreas have low flow, Cl- ion release, protein plugs
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How does cystic fibrosis affect digestion?
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less pancreatic enzymes mainly proteins and lipids
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What should a person with Cystic fibrosis eat?
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calrie rich diet, rich in milk (TAG w/ med chain FA)
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Pancreatic phospholipase A2:
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cleaves dietary phospholipids to lysophospholipids
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Why is it called "conjugated" bile acids?
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they are negatively charged in the lumen
the liver conjugates it with taurine w/ pK2 |
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Describes the process of FA digestion in the lumen:
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pancreatic lipase is secreted with pro-colipase --> lumen
primary bile salt emulsify dietary lipids trypsin cleaves pro-colipase to colipase |
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What is the prupose of pro-colipase
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active form is colipase (cleaved by trypsin)
anchors pancreatic lipase on the water lipid interface |
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What is the purpose of pancreatic lipase?
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make FA that can enter the intestinal mucosal cell (monoacylglycerol and FA)
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Where is bile formed and from what?
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Liver from choesterol
primary emulsify fat changes to secondary in the lumen |
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Why doesn't hte liver have to create a lot of bile acids?
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b/c 95% of it is recycled
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What happens when there is too much cholesterol?
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binds to feces causing a reduction of cholesterol in the liver to make bile salt --> cholesterol gallstone disease
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What is the usual cuase of cholesthiasis?
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due to decrease of bile salts and phophatidyl choline in bile
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What are the two lactose intolerance?
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Primary: reduced lactase activity with age
secondary: due to injury from severe diarrhea or rotavirus |
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What is steatorrhea?
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fatty feces
loss of lipid soluble vit and essential FA |
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What are the possible causes of steatorrhea?
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1. lack of conjugated bile salts
2. defects related to pancreatic juice 3. deffective mucosal cells related to uptake of nutrients 4. shortened bowel |
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What is Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis
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Glycolysis: glucose -> 2 pyruvate
gluconeogenesis: generation of glucose |
