Biochemistry First Aid

Front 1

Part of chromatin transcribed

Back 1

Euchromatin

Front 2

Number of bonds in G and C

Back 2

3 bonds between these nucleic acids

Front 3

Purines

Back 3

Adenosine and Guanine

Front 4

Number of bonds between A and T

Back 4

2 bonds between these nucleic acids

Front 5

Amino acids necessary for purine synthesis

Back 5

Glycine Asparate and Glutamine

Front 6

Transition vs Transversion

Back 6

purine to purine vs purine to pyrimadine (or vice versa)

Front 7

Number of rings in pyrimadines (C, T and U)

Back 7

1 ring nucleotides

Front 8

Number of rings in purines (A and G)

Back 8

2 rings nucleotides

Front 9

Direction DNA is opened up and read from

Back 9

3' to 5'

Front 10

Direction DNA and RNA are made and RNA read

Back 10

5' to 3', its all down hill

Front 11

most, largest, smallest RNAs

Back 11

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

Front 12

DNA Gyrase

Back 12

A prokaryotic topoisomerase that relieves supercoils for replication (blocked by fluroquinolones)

Front 13

Problem with mismatch repair

Back 13

HNPColorectal Cancer has this DNA repair problem

Front 14

Problem with thymidine dimer repair (base eXcision repair)

Back 14

Xeroderma pigmentosum (dry skin w/ melanoma ect) have this problem w/ DNA repair

Front 15

Start and Stop Codons

Back 15

AUG and UGA,UAA,UAG

Front 16

Promoter vs Enhancer

Back 16

Promoter binds both TF and RNA polymerase

Front 17

RNA polymerases that make tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA

Back 17

RNA polymerase III, I, and II

Front 18

Death cap mushrooms (alpha-amanitin) do what?

Back 18

This toxin inhibits RNA polymerase II

Front 19

RNA processing (steps inside nucleus before it gets out, INtrons stay IN the nucleus) turning hnRNA (heterogenous) into mRNA, by snRNPs/spliceosome

Back 19

5' capping w/ 7-methylguanosine, Polyadenylation on 3' (AAUAAA), splicing of introns with

Front 20

size of Eukaroyotic and Prokaryotic rRNA

Back 20

even (80) and odd (70)

Front 21

50S blocking

Back 21

Chlorophemicol, Clindamycin, Linezolid, Erythromycin (Macrolides- Clarithromycin and Azithromycin)
CLEAN

Front 22

30S blocking

Back 22

Tetracyclin (and Doxycyclin), Aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin) TAG- AmiNoGlycoSides

Front 23

Energy to aminoacyclate, load tRNA onto ribosome or Translocate, total energy

Back 23

ATP-> AMP. GTP-> GDP, total energy is 4 high energy bonds

Front 24

Cell Cycle

Back 24

G1 (growth), S phase (synthesis), G2 (growth), Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), G1

Front 25

Rb and p53 inhibit this

Back 25

these tumor suppressor genes inhibit the passage from G1 to S phase

Front 26

These are permanent, not replicating cells, these are stable (quiescent), these are labile

Back 26

Neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscle, RBCs

Hepatocytes, lymphocytes

Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin/hair

Front 27

Site of packaging and secretion of proteins through glycosylation, rich in goblet cells (mucous), and Ab secreting plasma cells

Back 27

Rough ER role in protein transport

Front 28

Site of steroid synthesis and detoxification

Back 28

Smooth ER (Hepatocytes and adrenal cortex)

Front 29

Golgi apparatus function

Back 29

Distribute proteins from ER to plasma membrane, lysosomes and secretory vessicles, adds oligosaccharides, targets proteins to lysosomes, makes proteoglycans and sulfation of these sugars and other tyrosines

Front 30

How does the Golgi target proteins to lysosomes

Back 30

mannose-6-phosphate to protein

Front 31

Clathrin does what?

Back 31

This protein does plasma-membrane receptor mediated endocytosis, and moving things from trans-Golgi network to lysosomes

Front 32

Microtubules structure and function

Back 32

alpha and beta tubulin make flagella, cilia, axoplasmic transport, and mitotic spindles

Front 33

Motor proteins that go forward on microtubules)

Back 33

Kinesin (vs Dynein)

Front 34

Drugs that act on microtubules

Back 34

Vincristine/vinblastin (anti-cancer), Colchicine (gout, also raises pH to stop uric acid crystalization and NSAID by blocking PMNs), Griseofulvin (antifungal), and Mebendazole/thiabendazole (anti-helminthic), Paclitaxel (anti-breast cancer)

Front 35

Chediak-Higashi syndrome ((ashy white skin, checked phagocytosis leads to pyogenic infection)

Back 35

Microtubule polymerization defect -> low phagocytosis: PYOGENIC INFECTIONS, PARTIAL ALBANISM, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
ashy white skin, checked phagocytosis leads to pyogenic infection)

Front 36

Kartagener's Syndrome

Back 36

Immotile cilia from dynein arm defect on cilia. Infertility, bronchiectasis, sinusitis, related to sinus inversus

Front 37

Cilia

Back 37

cilia are 9+2 arrangement of microtubule doublets

Front 38

Intermediate filaments

Back 38

desmin (Dsg) of skin, GFAP, neurofilaments, cytokeratin

Front 39

What is I-Cell Dz

Back 39

No mannose-6-P to lysosomal bound proteins -> accumulation -> course facial features, clouded cornea, restricted ROM, high plasma lysosymal enxymes (often childhood fatal)

Front 40

Vimentin stains

Back 40

Connective tissue is stained by

Front 41

Desmin stains

Back 41

Muscle is stained by

Front 42

Cytokeratin stains

Back 42

Epithelial cells are stained by

Front 43

GFAP stains (glial fibrillary acid proteins)

Back 43

Neuroglia stain

Front 44

Neurofilaments stain

Back 44

Neurons are stained by

Front 45

Digoxin/Digitoxin mechanism of action

Back 45

This drug inhibits Na/K ATPase, indirectly inhibiting Na/Ca exchange which gets rid of Ca by letting in Na, increasing [Ca+], increasing CTY

Front 46

Collagen Type I

Back 46

Collagen in Bone, Skin, Tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair

Front 47

Collagen Type II

Back 47

Collagen in cartilage, nucleus pulposus, vitreous body

Front 48

Type III Collagen

Back 48

Collagen in skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue (aka Reticulin)

Front 49

Type IV col

Back 49

Collagen in basement membrane (FLOOR), kidneys, eyes, ears

Front 50

Type VII collagen

Back 50

Collagen in dermis (epidermolysis bullosa)

Front 51

Collagen synthesis inside fibroblasts

Back 51

Vit C, glycine, proline, anydroxyproline, or hydroxylysine, glycosylation, formation of triple-helix and exocytosis

Front 52

Outside fibroblasts collagen gets

Back 52

Proteolytic processing of procollagen (terminal regions get cleaved) to make tropocollagen, and cross-linking to make collagen fibrils (by lysyl oxidase)

Front 53

Osteogensis imperfect (brittle bone dz)

Back 53

Collagen type I stops formation of triple helix to make procollagen

blue sclera, hearing loss, dental problems, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT

Front 54

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Back 54

Hyper extensible skin, bleeding, hyperflexibilty from Type III collagen mutation (berry aneurysms, organ rupture, joint dyslocation)

Front 55

Alports Syndrome

Back 55

Type IV col disorder, X-linked recessive

progressive nephritis and deafness, vision changes

Front 56

Marfans

Back 56

fibrillin-1 defect (AD) (makes elastin which makes making lungs, arteries, ligmants, vertebrae flexible),

Front 57

Regulation of Elastin

Back 57

This molecule is broken down by elastase, which is inhibited by alpha1-antitrypsin (emphysem can be caused by anti-trypsin deficiency)

Front 58

cDNA

Back 58

library of all a organisms translated genetic material that w/ introns

Front 59

Imprinting Diseases

Back 59

Prader-Willi (retardation, developmental delay followed by hyperphagia, parental is deleted in dz) and AngelMan's Syndrome (maternal is deleted in dz,intellectual and developmental delay, hand flapping, happy super smiley), both on 15

Front 60

Locus Heterogeneity

Back 60

When one phenotype can be produced by mutations in different places

Front 61

Heteroplasmy

Back 61

A result of inheriting lots of mtDNA, it describes how the expression is very variable in mitochondrial inherited diseases

Front 62

Hardy Weinberg

carrier frequency
affected frequency
allele frequency
prevalence in men if x-linked

Back 62

1 = p2 + 2pq + q2

carrier = 2pq
affected = q^2
allele frequency= p and q, p+q = 1
if x-linked, male prev = q

Front 63

Vit D resistant rickets inheritance pattern

Back 63

X-linked dominate, (phosphate wasting in proximal tubules)

Front 64

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, other myopathies

Back 64

Mitochondrial inheritance

Front 65

Location of FA oxidation (beta-oxidation)

Back 65

Mitochondria

Front 66

Location of acetyl-CoA production

Back 66

Mitochondria

Front 67

Location of TCA cycle

Back 67

Mitochondria

Front 68

Location of oxydative phosphorylation

Back 68

Mitochondria

Front 69

Location of glycolysis

Back 69

cytoplasm

Front 70

Location of FA synthesis

Back 70

cytoplasm

Front 71

Location of HMP shunt

Back 71

Cytoplasm

Front 72

Location of Protein synthesis

Back 72

cytoplasm (RER)

Front 73

Location of steroid synth

Back 73

cytoplasm (SER)

Front 74

Location of Heme synth

Back 74

Both Mito and Cyto

Front 75

Location of Urea Cycle

Back 75

Both Mito and Cyto

Front 76

Location of Gluconeogensis

Back 76

Both Mito and Cyto

Front 77

what goes up the most in ketoacidosis

Back 77

Beta-hydroxybuterate