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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ketogenic
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Provide acetyl CoA
Leucine, Lysine Help with KB production |
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Glucogenic
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All amino acids (except Leucine & lysine)
Give net glucose |
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Mixed amino acids
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Provide both glucose & acetyl CoA
Both ketogenic & glucogenic Isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine "PITTT" |
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7 common carbon skeleton breakdown pathway
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Oxaloacetate, alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, fumarate, succinyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl CoA
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Increased phenylalanine bc have deficient phenylalanin hydroxylase
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Phenylketonuria
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Treatment of phenylketonuria
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Restrict Phenylalanine in diet, but MUST add Tyrosine.
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Deficient homogentisate oxidase
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Alcaptonuria
Black urine |
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When is epinephrine released?
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In response to low blood sugar & stress from adrenal medulla
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Epinephrine receptor
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Adrengic
Gs protein coupled receptor --> cAMP --> protein kinase --> phosphorylates target protein May turn on/off |
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Does epinephrine stimulate/inhibit glucose uptake from blood?
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Inhibit because need to save glucose for brain
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Phase I: Fed State
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Insulin/Glucagon ratio high
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Phase IV & V: Starved State
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Insulin/glucagon ratio low
Glucose conserved bc then would need to create glucose via GNG for brain and GNG is very expensive! |
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Which enzymes will be ON in the Fed-state?
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1. Glycogen synthase
2. Pyruvate Kinase 3. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex 4. Acetyl CoA Carboxylase 5. HMG-CoA reductase |
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Which enzymes will be OFF in the fed-state?
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1. Glycogen phosphorylase
2. FBP2 |
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Which enzymes will be OFF in the starved-state?
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All enzymes that were on in the fed-state will be off except glycogen phosphoyrlase
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In what type of diabetes are the B-cells destroyed (no insulin produced)?
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Type I
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In what type of diabetes are the insulin resistance?
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Type @
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Acute complications from diabetes?
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Type I: ketoacidosis
Type II: Hyperosmolar coma |
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Symptoms of Type I diabetes?
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Polyuria
Polydipsia Polyphagia |
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In type I diabetes, the metabolic response is dictated by insulin or glucagon?
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glucagon
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What happens to the TCA in type I diabetes?
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TCA decreases bcause OAA-->malate-->GNG
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What is the effect of Type I diabetes on citrate, malonyl coA, FAS, CAT I, FA oxidation, KB production, TAG
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1. Citrate down
2. Malonly CoA down 3. FAS down 4. CAT activated 5. FA oxidation up 6. KB production up 7. TAG in blood up |
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When blood glucose more than the kidney's resorptive capacity?
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Glycosuria
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Why does ketoacidosis occur in Type I diabetes?
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Acetyl CoA accumulates in liver because GNG removing OAA so no TCA
Acetyl CoA converted to KB High KB lowers pH Get acetone "fruity" breath |
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Glucose monitoring system
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Can couple glucose with Hb to form Schiff base on Aldimine which rearranges to form ketimine.
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