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179 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Is TCA cycle aerobic or anaerobic
AEROBIC only
TCA cycle occurs in _
mitochondrion
Major source of ATP
TCA cycle
TCA cycle requires vitamins/coenzymes. Name them
-Coenzyme A - CoA or CoA-SH
-Niacin - NAD
-RIboflavin - FAD
-Thiamine - for oxidative decarboxylation
-Lipoic acid - COENZYME only, not a vitamin, for oxidative decarboxylation
-Biotin - for carboxylation
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Multienzyme complex located exclusively in mitochondrial matrix, catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, forming acetyl CoA
Energy gain of TCA cycle
NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle donate electons to electron transport chain.
Each NADH produces 3 ATP, and there are 3 NADH molecules so it gives 9 ATP. Each FADH2 gives 2 ATP, and there is one FADH. ALso GTP is produced when succinyl CoA is cleaved, and GTP produces ATP.
TOTAL ENERGY = 12 ATP
What is the role of oxaloacetate
Cycle starts with 4 carbon oxaloacetate, adds 2 carbons from acetyl CoA, loses 2 carbons as CO2 and regenerates 4 carbon compound oxaloacetate
How is citrate formed
-Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate condense forming CITRATE
-Enzyme - citrate synthase
-Cleavage of high energy thioester bond in acetyl CoA provides energy for this condensation
-Citrate(product) is inhibitor of this reaction
Which reaction of TCA cycle provides large negative G to drive the cycle
Formation of citrate
Citrate is ismerized to _
Isocitrate by rearrangement of the molecule
Enzyme - aconitase
Isocitrate is oxidized into _
Alpha Ketoglutarate
First oxidative decarboxylation reaction
Describe whats produced
Oxidation of isocitrate into alpha ketoglutarate - CO2 is produced and electrons are passed to NAD+ to form NADH + H+
Enzyme that catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate
Isocitrate dehydrogenase - key regulatory enzyme of TCA cycle - allosterically activated by ADP and inhibited by NADH
What is the second oxidative decarboxylation reaction
Describe whats produced
Conversion of alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
CO2 is released and succinyl COA, NADH and H+ are produced
Two enzymes that are large multienzyme complexes and require multiple cofactors
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Enzyme that catalyzes conversion of alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase requires 5 cofactors - name them
-Thiamine pyrophosphate
-Lipoic acid
-CoASH
-FAD
-NAD+
Thiamine defficiency
-Common in alcoholics
-Decreases pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, causing pyruvate to accumulate and form lactate
-Slows TCA cycle at alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase step
-Also called beri-beri disease
Wet beri beri causes _
Dry beri-beri causes _
edema (heart failure)
Polyneuropathy
_ impairs thiamine absorption
ALCOHOL
Succinyl COA is cleaved into _
Describe reaction
Succinyl COA is cleaved into succinate.
-Cleavage of high energy thioester bond of succinyl COA provides energy for substrate level phosphorylation of GDP to GTP
(NOT an oxidative phosphorylation - does not involve electron transport chain)
Enzyme that catalyzes conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate is _
Succinate thiokinase ( or succinyl COA synthetase)
Succinate is oxidized to _
Fumarate - succinate transfers two hydrogens together with their electrons to FAD forming FADH2
Enzyme that catalyzes conversion of succinate to fumarate is _
Succinate dehydrogenase - in inner mitochondrial membrane
All the enzymes of TCA cycle are present in _ , except _ that is present in _
Mitochondrial matrix
EXCEPT succinate dehydrogenase that is in inner mitochondrial membrane
Fumarate is converted to _
Enzyme - _
Malate by addition of water across double bond
Enzyme - fumarase
Malate is oxidized regenerating _
Enzyme ?
Oxaloacetate, completing the cycle
Enzyme - malate dehydrogenase
What is produced in oxidation of malate
Oxaloacetate and two hydrogen with electrons are passed to NAD+, producing NADH and H+
Describe anaplerotic reactions of TCA cycle
Anaplerotic reactions replenish intermediates of TCA cycle as they are removed for synthesis of glucose, fatty acids, amino acids or other compounds
Key anaplerotic reaction and what enzyme catalyzes it
Carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate
Enzyme - pyruvate carboxylase
Pyruvate carboxylase requires _
Biotin - cofactor, vitamin B
What causes biotin defficiency
Biotin can be complexed by Avidin - protein in egg white
Pyruvate carboxylase is found in _ and is activated by _
Found in liver, brain and adipose tissue (NOT in muscle) and is activated by acetyl CoA
Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes reaction that provides TCA cycle with _
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is activated by _
Inhibited by _
Activators:
-Pyruvate
-CoA
-NAD+
-Ca
-ADP
Inhibitors:
-NADH
-ACetyl CoA
Rate of flux through TCA cycle depends on _ and _
NADH/NAD+
ATP/ADP
2 major sites of regulation of TCA cycle
-Isocitrate dehydrogenase - inhibited by NADH, activated by Ca and ADP
-Alpha oxoglutarate dehydrogenase - inhibited by NADH, activated by Ca
Import of proteins into mitochondria requires _
Chaperones on both sides of the membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in
Mitochondria
"Hydrogen acceptor" part of NAD + is made from _
Niacin (vitamin B3)
Electron transport chain is located in _
Inner mitochondrial membrane
How NADH and FADH2 get from matrix to membrane
-NADH freely diffuses
-FADH2 tightly bound to enzymes that produce it within inner mitochondrial membrane
First stage of electron transport is _
Transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q via NADH dehydrogenase complex to FMN to coenzyme Q
Second stahe of electron transport is _
Transfer of electrons from coenzyme Q to cytochrome C
(first to cytochromes b and c1)
Third stage of electron transport chain is _
Transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen
Each complex in electron transport chai uses energy from electron transfer to _
Pump protons to cytosolic side of membrane
Electrochemical potential consists of _
-pH gradient
-membrane potential
Is inner mitochondrial membrane permeable to protons?
No
How do protons re enter matrix
Through ATP synthase complex - causes generation of ATP
How is ATP synthesized in oxidative phosphirylation
Protons return to mitochondrial matrix through the channel made by ATP synthase --> this causes conformational change in ATP synthase --> catalyzes reaction ADP + Pi --> ATP
_ protons are transfered out for each ATP synthesized
4
NADH oxidation produces _ ATP
FADH2 oxidation produces _ ATP
2.5
1.5
Describe chemiosmotic model of Peter Mitchell
-Energy is released as electrons are passed down the chain
-This energy is used to pump protons out of mitochondrial matrix forming electrochemical gradient across membrane
-Electrons move down gradient re entering matrix through pore in ATP synthase
-This causes conformational change in ATP synthase leading to catalysis of ATP production
Describe cyanide poisoning
Cyanide binds to Fe3+ in cytochrome aa3. As a result oxygen cannot receive electrons, respiration is inhibited, energy production is stopped and death ensues
Describe uncoupling agents - give examples
Uncoupling agents are poisons
Example - dinitrophenol
Those agents are ionophores that allow protons from cytosol to re enter matrix without passing through ATP synthase complex - thus they uncouple electron transport and ATP production
When uncoupling occurs energy is lost as
Heat
Describe thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue contains many mitochondria (gives it its color)
Inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue contains THERMOGENIN - protein that transports proteins across membrane. This uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and produces HEAT instead of ATP
What happens in aspirin poisoning
High concentrations of salicylate partially uncouple mitochondria
-Increased AMP and decreased ATP stimulate glycolysis
-Glycolysis leads to increased blood concentration of lactate which leads to metabolic acidosis
Role of mitochondria in cell death
Ischemia can result in inadequate oxygen supply to maintain proton gradient and ATP synthesis
-Mitochondrion permeability transition pore opens and protons and ions flood mitochondria leading to its swelling and bursting
Oxidative phosphorylation disease are usually due to _
mutations in mitochondrial DNA
LHON
Lebers Hereditary Optic Neuropathy - sudden blindness in young males, less common symptoms mild dementia, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy
-Inherited maternally
-caused by various mutations in complexes I, II and IV polypeptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA
-90 % caused by mutations of NADH dehydrogenase
MERRF
Myotonic epilepsy and Red Ragged Fiber disease - myoclonus, ataxia, muscle weakness, deafness and progressive dementia
-Caused by mutations in mitochondrial RNA
MELAS
Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes
-Progressive neurodegenerative disease, onset 5-15 years
-Caused by mutations in tRNA
Mitochondrial disease
Age related decline in oxidative capacity may be due to continuous oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA
Definition of glycolysis
Catabolism of glucose to pyruvate or lactate
Aerobic glycolysis
Glucose to pyruvate
ATP is produced by both oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation
Anaerobic glycolysis
Glucose to lactate
ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation only
Principal function of glycolysis
Production of ATP from glucose
Where does glycolysis occur
In cytosol of every cell of the body
HK and PFK1 reactions involve what
Phosphorylation with ATP - glucose in converted to glucose 6 phosphate and then to fructose - 6 - phosphate
Which steps of glycolysis produce ATP
1. 1,3- BPG reacts with ADP to produce 3 - phosphoglycerate and ATP, catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase
2. Phosphoenolpyruvate reacts with ADP to produce ATP and pyruvate --> last reaction of glycolysis, enzyme - pyruvate kinase
2.
Anaerobic glycolysis is important in some tissues. They are _
renal medulla and skeletal muscle
Some tissue types entirely depend on anaerobic glycolysis They are -
RBC and some areas of the eye - do NOT have mitochondria
Yield of aerobic glycolysis
2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are made - net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 molecules of NADH
Yield of anaerobic glycolysis
2 molecules of ATP only
Two ways by which electrons are passed to electron transport chain
Glycerol phosphate shuttle and malate aspartate shuttle
List biosynthetic functions of glycolysis
Glycolysis provides precursors for
-Fatty acid biosynthesis from pyruvate
-Triacylglycerol formation from glycerol - 3- P
-Amino acid formation from alanine, serine, glycine, cysteine
-Ribose 5-P for nucleotide synthesis from glyceraldehydes 3 p ans fruktose 6 P
-2,3 BPG for Hb
-
Describe Cori cycle
In muscle glucose is turned into lactate via glycolysis --> lactate goes to liver where its taken up -->In the liver lactate is turned back to glucose via gluconeogenesis
Explain how and under what conditions lactic acidemia occurs
An increase in lactate blood levels causes lactic acidemia. This condition can result from hypoxia or alcohol ingestion. Lack of oxygen slows electron transport chain, resulting in increased NADH. High NADH causes more then normal amount of pyruvate to be transferred into lactate
Main regulatory enzyme of glycolysis is _
PFK1 - catalyzes reaction that transfers fructose - 6- phosphate into fructose - 1,6 bisphosphate using ATP and producing ADP
In muscle PFK 1 is activated by _
AMP - during exercise AMP levels are high and ATP levels are low. Glycolysis is promoted by PFK1 and ATP is generated. ATP and citrate inhibit PFK1. When ATP is high, cell doesnt need ATP and glycolysis is inhibited. High citrate means that enough substrate is entering TCA cycle so glycolysis slows down
In adipose and liver PFK1 is activated by _
fructose - 2,6 bisphosphate
PFK2 makes 2,6 bisphosphate from fructose - 6- P after meal. Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate activates PFK1 and glycolysis is stimulated. Liver uses glycolysis for production of fatty acids and triacylglycerol
Which hormone promotes glycolysis
High insulin - fed state
Insulin causes phosphatases to be stimulated. Phosphatase dephosphorylates PFK2 causing it to become more active in producing 2,6 bisphosphate which activates PFK1 and promotes glycolysis
Which hormone inhibits glycolysis
High glucagon - fasting state
PFK 2 is phosphorylated which makes it less active and converts fructose 2,6 bisphosphate back to fructose 1,6 phosphate, making PFK1 less active and decreasing glycolysis
Enzyme inhibitor
Molecule that binds to enzyme and decreases rate of reaction
Irreversible inhibitor
Binds covalently, inhibition progresses with time, effect cannot be overcome by dilution or dialysis but can be overcome by adding more enzyme
Reversible inhibitor
-Bind by weak interactions
-At equilibrium with enzyme
-Can be overcome by dialysis or dilution
Covalent inhibitor
Irreversible inhibitor that covalently modifies specific amino acid side chains at the active site in progressive chemical reaction
Explain organophosphorous compounds and give examples
Sarin + malathione - inhibit acetylcholinesterase which blocks transmission at NMJ. They covalently modify serine at the active site of acetyl cholinesterase

Sarin - chemical weapon
Malathione - insecticidde
Aspirin as covalent inhibitor
Aspirin covalently modifies cyclooxygenase
How are covalent inhibitors used in treatment of myasthenia gravis
In myasthenia gravis you dont have enough of Ach so by blocking covalently an enzyme that degrades Ach you increase concentration of Ach at NMJ which helps to reduce symptoms of myasthenia gravis
Mechanism based inhibitor
Substrate or transition state analogs which initially are processed by normal catalytic mechanism, after which they are converted into intermediate resembling transition state that binds covalently to enzyme. Also called suicide inhibitors
Allopurinol
Purine analog
-Mechanism based inhibitor of xanthine oxidase
-Reduces uric acid production and is used in treatment of gouty arthritis
Penicillin
Mechanism based inhibitor
-Inhibits transpeptidase essential for synthesis of bacterial cell walls, it contains strained peptide bond that resembles transition state
Heavy metals as inhibitors
Heavy metals like lead or mercury can bind non specifically and irreversibly to many groups on enzymes and can replace essential metal ions in enzymes - Ca, Mg, Zn
Lead inhibits
ALA - dehydratase and ferrochelatase which will lead to symptoms similar to porphyrias
Competitive inhibitors
Compete with substrate for active site of enzyme and form enzyme substrate complex
You can reverse it by adding more substrate
In competitive inhibition, Km _ and Vmax _
Km increases
Vmax stays same
Non competitive inhibitors
Inhibitors that bind to enzyme or enzyme substrate complex at site other then active site thus decreasing activity of enzyme
In non competitive inhibition Km _ and Vmax _
Km same
Vmax decreases
Explain action of sulfonamides
-Competitive inhibitor
-Folic acid is essential for nucleotide synthesis, folic acid is made of PABA and sulfonamides mimic PABA and competitively inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase in bacteria
-First anti-bacterial agents
Explain action of methotrexate
-Chemotherapy drug
Methotrexate mimicks folic acid and competitively inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
Warfarin
-Competitively inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase which regenerates active form of vitamin K, which is essential for some clotting factors
-ANTI- COAGULANT
Statin
-Anti hyperlipidemic drug
-Competitively inhibits HMG CoA reductase - rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis
ACE inhibitors
-Captopril and enalopril
-Competitively inhibits ACE - angiotensin converting enzyme
-ACE is used to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II in lungs which elevates blood pressure
Inhibiting ACE leads to lower blood pressure, captopril competes with angiotensin I for binding to ACE active site
Allosteric enzyme
Enzyme that binds activators or inhibitors at site other then active site
Allosteric activator
Forces enzyme to bind substrate more readily
Allosteric inhibitor
causes enzyme to bind less readily
T state is _
R state is _
T state - low affinity
R state - high affinity
In cooperative binding when there is no substrate enzyme is in _ state, when it binds enzyme is in _ state
T state
R state
Inhibitors bind and stabilize _ state
T
Activators bind and stabilize _ state
R
Enzyme that is activated by phosphorylation
Glycogen phosphorylase
Ca calmodulin
-important in muscle contraction, Ca binds to calmodulin and calmodulin activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase
G proteins
Activated by binding GTP, they hydrolyze GTP and are no longer active after that
Zymogens
Inactive precursors - prevent enzymes from cleaving proteins prematurely at sites of synthesis or secretion
Pepsinogen
Catalyzes its own cleavage as pH of stomach drops
Protein kinase A
PKA is activated by cAMP --> activates phosphorylase kinase -> activates glycogen phosphorylase
After heart attack there is an increase in in blood levels of
MB isozyme of creatine kinase
Equation for G
G = H- TS OR
G = G' + RT ln [products]/[reactants]
If G<0, then reaction is
EXERGONIC - reaction will proceed spontaneously and energy will be released
If G >0, then reaction is
ENDERGONIC - reaction will not go spontaneously and there is gain of energy
If G= 0, reaction is
in equilibrium
At equilibrium, G' =
-RT ln Keq
What information does G provide and what information it does not provide
Provides information about free energy changes and provides definition of where equilibrium lies but it DOES NOT give information about rate of reaction
ATP is consumed by what kind of processes?
Regenerated?
Consumed by muscular contraction, active transport and biosynthetic reactions, regenerated by oxidation of food stuff
When ATP is hydrolyzed, _ is released
Free energy - used to drive reactions that require energy
Define biochemical work
Biochemical work occurs in anabolic pathways which are pathways that synthesize large molecules - DNA, glycoge, triacylglycerols from smaller compounds. Biochemical work also occurs when toxic compounds are converted to non toxic compounds that can be excreted (liver converts ammonium to urea that can be excreted).
In general formation of new bond requires energy and therefore requires biochemical work
Estimated daily use of ATP
Heart - 16
Brain - 6
Kidneys - 24
Liver- 6
Skeletal muscle (rest) - 0.3
Skeletal muscle (running) - 23.6
3 METHODS OF ATP PRODUCTION
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION - production of ATP is coupled to electron transport chain to O2, in inner mitochondrial membrane
SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION - transfer from substrate to product, requires ADP + Pi -> ATP
HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE GROUP TRANSFER- creatine phosphate is high energy phosphate reservoir and shuttle in brain, muscle and sperm
High energy phosphorylated molecules other then ATP
Acetyl CoA
1,3 - BPG
phosphoenolpyruvate
creatine phosphate
Reduction potential
Measure in volts of energy change when compound accepts an electron - becomes reduced - measure of willingness of compounds to accept electrons
Negative reduction potential means
Greater energy is available for ATP generation when compound passes electrons to O2
As food is oxidized electrons are passed to _
FAD and NAD
NAD derived from _ and accepts _ electrons
Niacin - one electron
FAD derived from _ and accepts _ electrons
Riboflavin - 2 electrons
NAD and FAD are _ and substrate is _
Reduced
Oxidized
Anabolic processes
-Reductive processes
- Occur when molecules are being built (stored as fuels)
-Primarily during fed state
Catabolic processes
Oxidative processes
-Occur when molecules are being burnt for energy
-During fasting and fed states
What do cells first do when they are in fed state
MEET THEIR ENERGY NEEDS (then they store energy if they can)
Fate of carbs in fed state
-Digested to monosaccharides and absorbed in blood
Major monosaccharide
Glucose
Glucose in fed state has 2 fates -
-Oxidized for energy
-Enters biosynthetic pathway - making TAG or glycogen
Fate of proteins in fed state
-Digested to individual amino acids and abdorbed in blood
Proteins in fed state can be _
-Turned into other proteins
-Turned into N containing compounds
-Converted to glucose (liver)
-Oxidized for energy
Fate of fats in fed state
-Digested to fatty acids
-Built into TAG particles
-Delivered to adipose tissue
How do carbs, fats and proteins get to organs
Absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells
What happens when blood glucose is elevated
Insulin is secreted by beta cells of pancreas
What happens to glucose in liver
-First, glucose is oxidized to CO2 and H2O through insulin induced glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation) to meet energy needs of liver
-Excess glucose is stored as glycogen
-Excess acetyl CoA is used to make fatty acids, fatty acids are combined with glycerol to make TAG and are packaged into VLDL particles for export from liver
What happens to glucose in brain
Glucose is internalized by brain and is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to meet energy needs of brain
What happens to glucose in RBC
Glucose is taken up by RBC and is metabolized to lactate through anaerobic glycolysis
What happens to excess blood glucose
It is taken up by insulin dependent transporters that are present in muscle and adipose
What happens to glucose in muscle
It is oxidized to CO2 and H2O to meet energy needs or is stored in form of glycogen
How are fatty acids delivered to adipose
Through chylomicrons (dietary fat) or VLDL particles (newly synthesized fat)
Glycerol and fatty acids make
TAG
Describe digestion of carbohydrates
Starch - main carbohydrate we get from plants and other carbohydrates are digested with help of salivary and pancreatic amylase to disaccharides. Disaccharides are cleaved to monosaccharides by enzymes found on brush border of intestinal epithelial cells. ONLY monosaccharides are absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells. Then glucose enters portal circulation
Describe digestion of proteins
Proteins are digested first by PEPSIN in stomach and then by different enzymes in intestine. Individual amino acids are absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells and enter portal circulation
Describe digestion of fats
Triacylglycerol is primary diet fat. Triacylglycerol is emulsified in the intestine by bile salts and digested by pancreatic lipase to 2-monoacylglycerols and fatty acids which are packaged into micelles and absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells where they are reconverted into triacylglycerols
After digestion and resynthesis, triacylglycerols are packaged in chylomicrons that first enter lymph and then blood.
What happens 1 hour after meal
-Blood glucose levels fall
-Insulin secretion decreases
-Glucagon levels increase
When does fasting state begin
2-4 hours after meal
During fasting blood glucose levels are maintained at
80-100 mg/dL
Blood glucose during fasting is maintained by 2 mechanisms
-Glycogen breakdown
-Gluconeogenesis
Which hormone is increased during fasting
Glucagon - alpha cells of pancreas
What happens in liver during fasting
-Liver glycogen begins to break down into glucose
-Glucose is exported from liver to brain
What happens in brain during fasting
Glucose is exported from liver to brain where its oxidized to CO2 and H2O through aerobic glycolysis to meet energy needs
What happens to fats in fasting state
In response to low insulin levels triacylglycerol is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
Fatty acids released from adipose tissue are taken up by muscle to oxidize it to CO2 and H2O to meet its energy needs
They are also taken up by liver to meet its energy needs after what they are converted to ketone bodies
In fasting state ketone bodies made by liver can be used by _
Muscle to meet its energy needs
What happens to amino acids in fasting state
Amino acids are released after protein degradation in muscle and are carried to liver (mostly in form of alanine) where they are converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis
Amino groups are removed from amino acids and are converted to urea which is excreted in urine
Lactate in fasting state is sent from RBC to _
Liver where its converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis
What happens to glycerol in fasting state
Glycerol released from adipose tissue via hormone sensitive lipase - taken up by liver and converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis
Main organ to maintain blood glucose during fasting is _
liver
Carbon sources for gluconeogenesis
-Lactate
-Glycerol
-Alanine
What happens to ketone bodies during starvation
During starvaton levels of ketone bodies in blood are very high and beyond the level that can be utilized by muscle - BRAIN will utilize ketone bodies for energy during starvation
What happens in muscle during starvation
Muscle protein is degraded and alanine is released and taken up by liver
What happens in liver during starvation
Liver will continue to use alanine, glycerol and lactate to make glucose
What happens to glucose in starvation
Glucose will be exported from the liver and will be utilized by RBC for energy and to make NT in the brain
What happens to fatty acids in starvation
They are converted to ketone bodies in liver and utilized by brain
Does liver use ketone bodies to meet its energy needs during starvation
NO
Name two ketone bodies used for energy
Acetoacetate
Hydroxybutarate
Acetone is also a ketone body but its not used for energy