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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Active Transport
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The energy requiring movement of molecules across a membrane agains a concentration gradient
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Addition Reaction
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a chemical reaction in which two molecules react to form a third molecule
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Amino Acid
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type of molecule found within a cell used to build protein polymers
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Anabolic Pathway
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a series of biochemic reactions in which large complex molecules are syntehesized from smaller precursors
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Anticodon
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a swequence of 3 ribonucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementart to a codon on the mRNA molecule; codon-anticodon binding resuls in the delivery of the correct amino acid to the site or protein synthesis
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Archaea
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one of three domains of living organisms; prokaryotic organisms that have the apearance of bacteria and many molecular properties that are similar to the eukaryotes
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Autotrophs
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an organism that transforms light enery (from the sun) or various chemicals into chemical bond energy
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Bacteria
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one of the three domains of life; single-celled prokaryotes with diverse capacities to exploit their environments
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Biomolecule
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the molecules tht make up living organisms
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Bioremediation
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the use of biological processes to decontaminate toxic waste sites
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Catabolic pathway
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a series of biochemical reactions in which large complex molecules are degraded into smaller, simpler products
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Chemoautotroph
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an autotroph who tranforms evergy from chemicals into chemical bond energy
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Chemoheterotroph
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an organism that uses preformed food molecules as its sole source of energy
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Codon
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a sequence of three nucelotides in mRNA that directs the incorporation of an amino acid during protein sythesis or acts as a start or stop signal
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Electophile
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an electron deficients species such as a hydrogen ion (H+)
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elimination reaction
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a reaction in which a double bond is formed when atoms in a molecule are removed
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energy
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the capacity to do work
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enzyme
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a biomolecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction
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eukarya
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one of the three domains of life; contains single celled and multicellular eukaryotic organisms
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eukaryotic cell
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a living cell that possesses a true nucleus
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extremophile
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an organism that lives under extreme conditions of temperature, pH, pressure or ionic concentration that would easily kill most organisms
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extremozyme
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an enzyme that functions under extreme conditions of temperature, prssure, pH, or ionic concentration
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fatty acid
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a long chain monocarboxylic acid that contains an even number of carbon atoms
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functional group
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a group of atoms that undergo characteristic reactions when attached to a carbon atom in an organic molecule or a biomolecule
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gene
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a DNA sequence that codes for a polypeptide, rRNA, or tRNA
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gene expression
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the mechanisms by which living orgainsms regulate the flow of genetic information
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heterotroph
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an organism that attains energy by degrading preformed food molecules obtained by conumin other organisms
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homeostasis
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the capacit of living organisms to regulate metabolic processes despite variability in their internal and external environments
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hydration
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a type of addition reaction in which water is added to a carbon-carbon double bond
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hydrocarbon
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a olecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen
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hydrolysis
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a chemic reaction that invovles the reaction of a molecule with water; the process by which moleules are broken into their constituents by adding water
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hydrophilic
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molecules that psosess positive or negative charges or contain relatively large numbers of electronegative oxygen or nitrogen atoms; dissolve easily in water
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hydrophobic
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molecules that possess few if any electonegative atoms; do not dissolve in water
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isomerization
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the reversible intercovnersion of isomers
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leaving group
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the group displaced during a nucleophilic substitution reaction
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lipid
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any of a group of biomolcules that are soluble in nonpolar solvens and nsoluble in water
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macromolcule
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a biopolymer formed from the linkage of certain biomolcules via covalent bonds; examples include nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides
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metabolism
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the total of all chemical reactions in an organism
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monosaccharide
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a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone with the formula (CH20), where n is at least 3
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mutation
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any change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
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neurotransmitter
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a molecule released at a nerve terminal that binds to an influences the functionof other nerve cels or muscle cells
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nucleic acid
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a macromolecule composed of nucleotides; DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
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nucleophile
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an electron-rich atom or molecule
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nucleophilc substitution
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a reaction in which a nucleophile substitues for an atom or molecular group
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nucleotide
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a biomolecule coposed oa pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribos) and a nitrogenous base
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organelle
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a membrane-enclosed structure within a eukaryotic cell
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oxidation-reduction (redox)
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a reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
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oxidize
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the removal of electrons
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oxidizing agent
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a substance that oxidizes (removes electrons from) another substance; the oxidizing agent is itself reduced in the process
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peptide
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an amino acid polymer composed of fewer than 50 amino acid reisues
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peptide bond
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an amide linkage in an amino acid polymer
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photoautotroph
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an organism that possesses a mechanism for transforming solar energy into other forms of energy
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photoheterotroph
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an organism that uses both light and organic biomolecules as energy sources
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polypeptide
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an amino acid polymer with more that 50 amino acid residues
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polysaccharide
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a linear or branched polymer of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
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prokaryotic cell
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a living cell that lacks a nucleus
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protein
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a macromolecule coposed of one or more polypeptides
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purine
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a nitrogenous base with a 2 ring structure; a component of nucelotides
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pyrimidine
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a nitrogensous base with a single ring stucutes; a component of nucelotides
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reduce
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the transfer of electrons
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reducing agent
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a substance that reducs the oxidation number of another reactant; the reducing agent is itself oxidized in the process
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reductionism
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a complex phenomenon such as life can be eventually understood by analyzing its simplest components
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saturated
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a molecule that contains no carbon-carbon doulbe or triple bonds
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sugar
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the basic unit of carboydrates; a class of biomolecule containing hydrozyl groups and an aldehyde group or a ketone group
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transcrption
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the process in which single-stranded RNA with a abase sequence comlementarty to the temple strand of DNA is synthesized
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transduction
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the transfer of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages
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translation
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protein synthesis; the process by which the genetic message carried by mRNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides with the aid of ribosomes and other cell constitituents
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translocation
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movement of the ribosome along the mRNA during translation
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unsaturated
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a molecule that contains one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds
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5 insights about life
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1) life is complex and dynamic
2. life is organized and self-sustaining 3. life is cellular 4. life is inforation based 5. life adapts and evolves |
