Biochemistry Ch 4

Front 1

carbohydrate

Back 1

Chemical compounds that include sugars and molecules derived from sugars

1) burned for energy
2) stored for later use
3) used to make body parts

Front 2

saccharides

Back 2

Simple sugars

Simplest: glucose and fructose

Slightly less simple: sucrose, maltose, lactose.

Front 3

D-glucose

Back 3

basic, fundamental sugar unit of life, preferred by most living organisms

Mother of carbohydrates

The -OH group of carbon #5 is oriented to the right

Front 4

monosaccharide

Back 4

sugar made from just one sugar unit

Front 5

anomer

Back 5

the different structures that arise from the rotation of a bond in a molecule (of glucose)

differ only in the rotation of a single bond

Front 6

a (alpha) anomer

Back 6

When the -OH group in position 1 of a glucose is pointed downward

Front 7

B (beta) anomer

Back 7

When the -OH group in position 1 of a glucose is pointed upward

Front 8

hexose

Back 8

a sugar with six carbon atoms

ex. glucose

Front 9

triose

Back 9

a sugar with three carbon atoms

Front 10

tetrose

Back 10

a sugar with four carbon atoms

Front 11

pentose

Back 11

a sugar with five carbon atoms

Front 12

aldose

Back 12

sugar molecule with an aldehyde group in its structure

also: aldohexose

Front 13

aldohexose

Back 13

a six carbon sugar with an aldehyde group in its structure

Front 14

asymmetric carbon

Back 14

carbon with four different groups attached to it

switching any of the four will result in a non-superimposable mirror image at that position

Front 15

L-sugar

Back 15

The position of the -OH group on the next-to-last carbon of a sugar is oriented to the left.

Front 16

D-sugar

Back 16

The position of the -OH group on the next-to-last carbon of a sugar is oriented to the right.

Front 17

epimers

Back 17

Molecules in which the -H and -OH groups are switched at only one position

Front 18

galactose

Back 18

the C4 epimer of glucose

an important component of milk sugar

Front 19

D-fructose

Back 19

When its five-membered ring is opened it has a keto-functional group at Carbon #2, rather than an aldehyde at Carbon #1 (glucose)

Front 20

aldopentose

Back 20

Five carbon sugar with and aldehyde fxnl group on the Carbon #1

ex. D-ribose: in RNA
D-2-deoxyribose in DNA

Front 21

glycosidic bond

Back 21

a bond that involves the anomeric carbon atom of the saccharide unit

Front 22

disaccharide

Back 22

two glucose molecules joined together via a glycosidic bond

ex. maltose, sucrose

Front 23

maltose

Back 23

two glucose molecules linked in alpha(1,4) fashion

D-glucosyl-alpha(1,4)-D-glucose

Front 24

lactose

Back 24

galactose and glucose linked in beta(1,4) fashion

D-galactosyl-beta(1,4)-D-glucose

Front 25

sucrose

Back 25

table sugar, a common disaccharide of one glucose and one fructose with a glycosidic bond between the anomeric carbon of both sugars.

a-D-glycosyl-(1,2)-B-D-fructose

Front 26

oligosaccharides

Back 26

molecules made up of a few saccharide units

Front 27

polysaccharides

Back 27

large molecules made up of many saccharide units

"many sugars" or glycans

Front 28

glycans

Back 28

polysaccharides

large molecules made up of many saccharide units

Front 29

monomer

Back 29

glucose units

Front 30

polymer

Uses of glucose polymers?

Back 30

lots of glucose units (monomers) linked together in a small number of ways

energy storage or structural purposes

Front 31

a(alpha)-amylose

Back 31

the simplest of energy storage polymers, a component of starch

many thousands of glucose monomers joined in alpha(1,4) linkage - curl into balls

Front 32

amylopectin

Back 32

another component of starch, same structure as a-amylose but some of the glucose link to others using and a(1,6) linkage - leading to a branched structure

More glucose units fit together this way; may branch every 30 glucose units +/-

Front 33

glycogen

Back 33

like amylopectin, but more highly branched

may branch every 8-10 units

Front 34

cellulose

Back 34

glucose monomers analogous to a-amylose, except in the B(1,4) linkage

Average of 15,000 glucose monomers in a single molecule

Form long, extended chains i.e., cell walls - stiff fibers

Front 35

D-glucosamine

(delete?)

Back 35

The -OH group on glucose's Carbon #2 is substituted with an amino group (-NH2)

Front 36

chitin

Back 36

a cellulose decorated with an acetylated amino group at Carbon #2

exoskeleton

Front 37

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Back 37

Polysaccharides that contain amino groups or modified amino groups. Most are repeating disaccharides

Common in extracellular structures of organisms i.e, cartilage, vitreal humor of eye, synovial fluid.

Front 38

hyaluronate

Back 38

Major component of synovial fluid; disaccharides linked by B(1,4) glycosidic bonds

D-glucuronate-B(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

Front 39

chondroitin-4-sulfate

Back 39

Like hyaluronate, except different decorations.

Front 40

glycosylated protein

Back 40

essentially all secreted and cell-surface proteins with sugar residues attached at specific points; for cell-to-cell recognition and signaling

Front 41

peptidoglycan

Back 41

polysaccharide chains linked together by peptides (short segments of proteins)

ex.: bacterial cell walls

Front 42

proteoglycans

Back 42

huge, complex molecules containing protein and glycan

ex.: cartilage; highly negative, highly hydrated (squishy, resilient)

Front 43

core protein

Back 43

highly glycosylated proteins that are attached to a hyaluronate every so often along its length

Front 44

kwashiorkor

Back 44

condition arising from all carbs, no protein diet

s/sx: distended belly

Front 45

sucrase

Back 45

hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose

Front 46

lactase

Back 46

hydrolyzes lactose into glucose (absorbed) and galactose (epimerized into glucose).

Front 47

lactose intolerance

Back 47

Results from lack of lactase; undigested lactose is eaten by bacteria who create gases and trouble in INTS

Front 48

starch granules

Back 48

subcellular organelles that store amylose and amylopectin

Front 49

dextrins

Back 49

Short, branched structures resulting from breakdown of branching points of amylopectin

Front 50

isomaltase

Back 50

hydrolyzes a(1,6) glycosidic bonds

Front 51

fiber

Back 51

non-digestible polysaccharides

feed gut bacteria who then excrete short chain fatty acids which we use

Front 52

starch

Back 52

70 - 90% of the solid material in corn, potato, and wheat

Front 53

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

Back 53

Glucosamine - -OH on C#2 in glucose - has an acetyl group on the amino group.

Front 54

ketose

Back 54

a 5 C membered sugar with at keto group at C #2

Front 55

ketohexose

Back 55

hexose (5 C membered sugar) with a keto group at C#2