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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fatty Acid Synthesis occurs in the _______ & need acetyl CoA produced in the ________.
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Cytoplasm, Mitochondria
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_________ shuttles acetyl CoA to the cytoplasm.
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Citrate
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What converts citrate to OAA and Acetyl CoA in the cytoplasm?
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Citrate Lyase
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In the cytoplasm, _______ ________ regenerates acetyl CoA and OAA.
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Citrate Lyase
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Which two enzymes are required for fatty acid synthesis?
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Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) & Fatty Acid Synthase
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ACC decarboxylation is dependant on ________ and ______.
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Biotin and ATP
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FA synthesis requires NADPH supplied by _____________ and ___________ reaction.
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Pentose Phosphate & Malic Enzyme
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This 3 carbon intermediate is the substrate for fatty acid synthase and unique to FA synthesis:
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Malonyl-CoA
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What effect does phosphorylation have on ACC?
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Inactivates it
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What effects do glucagon and epinephrine have on ACC?
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Phosphorylates it- through cAMP dependent Protein Kinase A
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What effect does AMPK have on ACC? Why?
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Phosphorylates it- rise in AMP:ATP ratio signals that the cell is in low energy state and activates AMP K cascade to increase FA oxidation
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What happens to ACC in the well fed state? Why?
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It is dephosphorylated- insulin activates a phosphatase that activates the enzyme
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Citrate binds the ACC enzyme and _______ activity.
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Increased
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Palmitoyl CoA, the product of FA synthase __________ activity?
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Inhibits- feedback inhibition
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FAS functions as a __________.
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homodimer- this is required for the functional enzyme
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When the FAS homodimerizes, which two reactive groups are properly aligned for fatty acid synthsis?
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acyl carrier protein (ACP) and ketoacyl synthase (KS)
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ACP has ________ covalently linked which supplies SH group for thioester linkage of malonyl CoA.
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Phosphopantetheine
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Reduction of the beta keto group is dependent on ________.
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NADPH
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The fatty acid must be converted to its activated form before it can participate in metabolic processes- this reaction is catalyzed by _______.
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Acetyl CoA synthase
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___________ activity of FAS is specific to C16 FA and palmitate is released from the enzyme:
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Palmitate
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Elongation of FA occurs where?
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ER and Mitochondria
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Desaturation of Fatty acids occurs where? What does it require?
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ER- requires NADH and O2
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What are the sources for G-3P?
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Reduction of DHAP and phosphorylation of glycerol by glycerol kinase
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Where does the reduction of DHAP occur as a source of G-3P?
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In the muscle and adipose.
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Where does direct phosphorylation of glycerol occur? What enzyme is used?
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Liver- glycerol kinase.
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If glycerol kinase is only expressed in the liver, what does this mean for the adipose and muscle?
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TAG synthesis in adipose and muscle only occurs when there is sufficient glucose because they're dependant on glucose for DHAP
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Which two types of phospholipids are made by CDP-Head Group and DAG?
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Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
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Which two phospholipids are made by CDP-DAG and a head group:
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Phosphatidylinositol (PI) and Cardiolipin
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PS is formed by the transfer of serine to _________.
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PE
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PC can be synthesized from methylation of PE using _______ as a methyl donor:
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SAM
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A biologically important choline plasmalogen important in the inflammatory response:
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Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)
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_________ (lecithin) can decrease surface tension at air water interface.
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Phosphatidyl Choline
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This is a glycerophospholipid that is an important component in lung surfactant:
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DPPC
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This ratio is an idicator of lung maturation. At what value are lung surfactant levels sufficient?
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PC:sphingomylein- a ratio of 2.0
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