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287 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Nitrogen base + sugar is called |
Nucleoside |
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Nucleotide is___+ phosphate |
Nucleoside |
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Ump stands for |
Uridine mono phophate |
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Guanidine is used for |
Denaturation of proteins |
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In purine c4 c5 c7 of nitrogen base comes from |
Glycine |
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In pyrimidines c4 c5 c6 of nitrogen base comes from |
Aspartate |
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In purines and pyrimidines sugar and nitrogen base joined by ____ bond |
Beta N glycosidic bond |
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Products of catabolism of pyrimidine are |
Co2 NH3 Beta alanine |
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Products of catabolism of thymine are |
Co2 Nh3 Beta amino iso butyrate |
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Absorption of uv light max is for __ nucleotide |
Purine |
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If in ribose 2' and 3' OH are removed then it is called __ DNA ? |
2'3' dideoxyribose Dna synthesis stopped |
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Thioredoxin (ox) coverted to reduced form by__ enzyme using __ |
Thioredoxin reductase NADPH To NADP |
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Sugar of nucleotide in RNA is In dna? |
Ribose Dna- deoxyribose |
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Double ring with NH2 attached is__ |
Adenine - purine |
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Single ring with CH3 attached? |
Thymine - pyrimidine |
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Rate limiting enzyme of purine synthesis is? |
PRPP glutamyl amino transferase |
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First purine formed in synthesis is |
IMP |
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IMP to AMP NH2is added which comes from |
Aspartate |
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In IMP Base and sugar? |
Base hypoxanthine Sugar ribose |
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PRPP? Used in? |
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate HNPP Purine &pyrimidine synthesis Histidine and niacin synthesis |
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In salvage pathway sugar and phosphate is from |
PRPP |
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Complete deficiency of HGPRT is Partial.is |
Lesch nyhan syndrome Kelly seegmiller syndrome |
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First compound to be formed in pyrimidine synthesis is |
OMP orotidine mono phosphate |
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__ enzyme deficiency leads to orotic aciduria |
1)Oprt orotate phosphoribo transferse 2)DeCarboxylase |
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Dna strands are always antiparrallel ie |
5' to 3' |
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___ of histone results in regulation of gene expression |
Post translational modifications |
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Synthesis of nucleotides always occurs from ___ Nitrogen bases are ___ |
5' to 3' Adenine to guanine AtoG |
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Dna to rna is called? Enzyme is? |
Transcription Dna dep rna polymerase |
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Topoisomerase II counterpart in prokaryotes |
Dna gyrase |
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During dna replication positive supercoiling is made by |
Helicase |
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In eukaryotes primase is |
Alpha polymerase |
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Lagging and leading strands synthesized by___ enzyme |
Dna polymerase III |
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In telomerase activity __ acts as enzyme |
Proteins |
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In telomerase activity __ acts as Template |
Rna |
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In telomerase activity dna formed to fill gap by? |
Reverse transcriptase enzyme is Rna dep Dna polymerase |
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In prokaryotes dna polymerase II is used for both__ |
Proof reading and repair |
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Most of the repair occurs in __ phase of cell cycle |
G1 |
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Proof reading occurs in __ phase of cell cycle |
S |
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Ribosomes 2/3rdmade up of |
r Rna |
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Type of ribosomes in Eukaryotes Prokaryotes |
Pro 70s=50+30 Eu 80s=60+40 |
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Types 1Rna polymerase in eukaryotes helps in formation of |
r Rna |
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Template strand runs from__to__ |
3' to 5' |
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Tata box in eukaryotes is called as |
Hogness box |
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Tata box in prokaryotes is called |
Pribnow box |
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Introns in dna help to prevent |
Mutations |
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Introns are absent in ___ dna |
Mitochondrial dna |
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Steps in post transcriptional modification are |
5' cap 3' tail Splicing |
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Splicing is done by __ ribozyme |
Sn rna |
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5' cap = cap made by |
Methyl guanosine given by sam s adenosyl methionine |
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Total number of codons in body |
64 |
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1aa- 3codonsis called __ |
Degeneracy or redundacy |
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2aas which donot show degeneracy |
Methionine Tryptophan |
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If wrong aa is attached to t rna then it is corrected by __ So this is the only point of? |
Aminoacyl t rna synthetase Proof reading |
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In translocation iniation aa in prokaryotes is |
Formyl methionine |
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Iniation of translocation codon is? |
AUG |
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For pre initiation complex mrna+ meth t rna + ___ And eif ? |
40s eif 1 2 3 |
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To add 1aa in growing peptide chain energy tics ? |
2Atp 2Gtp |
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In gene knock down gene is present but? And inhibition by___ rna at ___ |
Functionally suppressant mi Rna At translocation |
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Mi rna synthesized from t rna or viral rna is called? |
Silencing or small interfering rna |
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In genomic imprinting inhibition occurs at ___ level |
Transcription level |
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__ help in regulation of gene expression |
Post translational modification ptm of histone Genomic imprinting |
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In genomic imprinting ____ occurs at CG site |
Methylation |
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Ptms of histones in genomic imprinting detected by method? |
Chip Chromatin immuno precipitation |
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In pcr ____ polymerase from bacteria thermus aqualicus And substrate is? |
Taq polymerase Deoxyribo nucleotide |
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In real time pcr __ fluorescence binds to ds dna |
SYBR green dye |
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In RFLP cut of dna is made by |
Endonucleases |
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Recombinase enzyme for bacterial lox P site |
CRE recombinase |
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Lambda phage excoded INT protein site of recombination ? |
Bacteriophage lambda aTT site |
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In non sense mutation UCA is changed to _ |
UAA stop codon |
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In hnpcc proof reading error leads to mismatched base at __ phase of cell cycle |
G2 |
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In xeroderma pigmentosa type of repair is? |
Nucleotide excision repair |
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In prokaryotes leading and lagging strands synthesized by Dna polymerase III in eukaryotes? |
Epison polymerase for leading Delta polymerase for lagging |
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Removal of primer in prokaryotes by |
Dna polymerase I |
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Primer removal in eukaryotes in mitochondria Nucleus by |
RNA ase H FEN 1 In nucleus all + delta polymerase |
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In lac operon model rna polymerase binds to site? |
Promotor site |
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In translocation peptidyl transferase is __ rna |
23s rna |
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In transcolation of prokaryotes preinitiation complex in_ Initiation complex in |
30s 70s |
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Biological marker bm of ribosomes |
Rna |
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Bm of gogli apparatus |
Galactosyl transferase |
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Catalase is bm of |
Peroxisomes |
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*In R Dna technology restriction endonucleases are also known as |
Molecular scissors |
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Restriction endonucleases belong to class? |
Class III hydrolases |
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In R dna Restriction endonucleases act on Type1on? Type2on? |
Type1random site Type 2palindrome site |
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In R Dna technology problem with blunt ends can be solved by |
Homopolymer tailing |
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Vectors used in R Dna technology increasing in size |
Ppc Plasmid Phage Cosmid Bac yac |
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What is cDNa? |
Dna Complemnetary to m rna |
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C dna is formed by action of __ enzyme |
Reverse transcriptase |
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Pieces of dna or rna labeled by various techniques to detect complementary sequence |
Probes |
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Procedure used to produce radioactive labelled dna probes is |
Nick translation |
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___ is used to detect specific c Dna Or specific proteins produced by c dna |
Expression vectors |
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Target amplification in pcr is |
Thermal cycling |
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Products obtained from amplification in pcr is called |
Amplicon |
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In pcr which step has highest temp |
Denaturation |
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A newly developed dna polymerase in pcr which is not inhibited by any quantity of blood is |
Phusion |
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Rna is target and rna is product in |
Nas ba Nucleic acid sequence based amplification |
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Nas ba is___ based amplification |
Transcriptional |
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Ligase chain reaction can detect___ mutation |
Point |
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Q beta replicase is__ dep __ polymerase Uses? |
Rna dep rna polymerase Used to amplify nucleic acid ass with infectious organisms |
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___ technology is used for qualitative and quantitative detection of viruses like hepatitis |
Branched dna technology |
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Blot method used to detect inborn errors |
Southern blot |
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In dot blot technique slot blot is specific blotting apparatus containing? |
Nylon membrane |
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Specific protein can be detected by blot? |
Western blot or immuno blot |
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q arm in chromosome also called as |
g arm |
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Sample for chromosomal anamolies for pre implantation detection of anamolies is |
Blastomere |
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For chr analysis metaphase arrest is by |
N de acetyl N methyl colchicine |
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Mc followed banding technique in conventional cytogenetics? |
G banding G+ dark |
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In Q banding it is stained by Seen by? |
Quinacrine mustard Fluorescence microscope |
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Fish performed on non dividing cells is called |
Interphase or nuclear fish |
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To find her2neu gene amplication in breast ca ___ is used |
Fish |
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Microarray used for genotyping is |
Dna microarray or dna chip |
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Micro array used for gene expression studies |
Rna micro array |
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Lower limit of detection is single exon or single gene in __ cytogenetic techniques |
Cgh array Snp array |
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Gold standard technique for detecting dna sequence is |
Sangers technique |
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More sensitive than sangers sequencing is |
Pyrosequencing |
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High resolution technique that can detect mutations with large deletions and duplications |
Mlpa multiplex ligation dependant probe amplification |
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Study of function of gene is by? |
Knocked out transgenesis> Transgenic animal |
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Targeted mutagenesis in which using transcription factors transcripted gene is increased |
Gen knock up |
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Transgenic mice by trangenesis and trageted mutagenisis breed to |
Homozygosity |
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Technique to produce monoclonal abs in clinical lab is |
Hybridoma |
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Direct prenatal diagnosis of__ by rflp |
Sickle cell disease |
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Indirect prenatal.diagnosis of__ by rflp |
Phenylketonuria |
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In dna footprinting 'foot print' indicates |
Protective dna bound to protein which cannot be cleaved |
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__ gene was first detected by chromosomal walking |
Cystic fibrosis |
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Only___ has a feature of totipotency |
Fertilized egg or zygote |
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__ called proton sponge that has high cationic charge density usd as polymers for gene delivery into cell |
Pei poly ethylen imine |
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Gene delivery by coating plasmid dna onto metal microparticle and blasted into cells by using electrostatic force or gas pressure |
Gene gun |
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Total complement of simple and complex carbohydrates in organism is called |
Glycome |
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Gel electrophoresis high resolution for small fragments is |
Page poly acrylamide Gel electrophoresis |
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Gel electrophoresis for very large dna molecule is |
Pulsed field Gel electrophoresis |
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Mitochondrial dna has two subunits of ? 3subunits of? |
2sub units of atp synthase 3sub units of cyt oxidass |
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UGA codon codes for _ In nuclear dna Mitochondrial dna |
Stop codon Tryptophan |
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Pearsons syndrome Kearns sayre syndrome are |
Mitochondrial ds with no maternal inheritance |
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In point mutation if purine base is replaced by another purine base it is called |
Transition |
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In point mutation if purine base is replaced by pyrimidine base it is called |
Transversion |
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In cystic fibrosis mc mutation occurs at |
Aa F508position coding for phenylalanine |
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Autosomal dominant inheritance traced many generations in family tree so called? |
Vertical transmissiom |
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Autosomal recessive inheritance affected individual are usually of same generation so called ? |
Horizontal transmission |
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In x linked recessive inheritance carrier female gives effected son and effected male gives carrier daughter this transmission pattern is? |
Knight move pattern of inheritance |
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In x linked or y linked inheritance males are always |
Hemizygous |
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Y linked inheritance also called as |
Holandric inheritance |
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Mitochondrial inheritance also known as |
Cytoplasmic inheritance |
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Mc polymorphism is It is marker for? |
Single nucleotide polymorphism Marker for genetic linkage and association studies |
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For paternity testing __ polymorphism is used |
Repeat length polymorphism |
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A pair of replication forks is called ? |
Replication bubble |
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Building blocks of all carbohydrates is |
Mono saccharides |
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Simplest carbohydrate of biological interest are |
Glyceraldehyde Di hydroxy acetone |
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The reaction of ketone with hydroxyl group forms __ ring structure |
Hemiketal ring structure |
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Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy acetone are__ isomers |
Functional isomers |
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Enantiomers also known as |
D and L isomers |
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Form of carbohydrate abundant in body |
D |
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Form of aa abundant in body |
L |
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Aa form abundant in brain is |
D aa |
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Different H and OH configuration at a carbon other than penultimate carbon is |
Epimers |
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Anomers is? |
Diff H and OH configuration at functional carbon in "cyclic structure" |
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Oxidation of monosacharide at c1leads to At c6leads to At both c1c6leads to |
C1aldonic acid C6 uronic acid Both sacharic acid |
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Galactose plus glucose is |
Lactose reducing with free functional group |
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Galactose plus fructose |
Lactulose |
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Glucose plus fructose |
Sucrose |
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Trehalose is non reducing sugar becz |
Linkage is alpha 1-1 D glucose and D glucose |
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In maltose isomaltose and lactose benedicts test is |
Positive reducing |
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Benedicts test is always positive in __ type of carbohydrates |
Monosaccharides |
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Homoglycan made of N acetyl D glycosamine |
Chitin |
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Homoglycan not digested by human body is |
Inulin |
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Dental plaque formed by bacteria is rich in |
Dextran |
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Gag which has no uronic acid is |
Keratin sulfate |
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Fructosan is other name for __ homoglycan |
Inulin |
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Gag like heparin binds to__ in capillary wall which causes its release into circulation |
Lipoprotein lipase |
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__ gag plays a role in atherosclerosis is |
Dermantan sulfate |
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Arylsulfatase B deficiency lead to MPS TYPE? monteaux lamy disease |
Type VI |
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L fucose is deoxy sugar ie sugar alcohol present in? |
Blood group ag |
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Glucose in solution form is in pyranose form in which c1is __ |
Assymetrical carbon atom |
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Racemic mixtures |
d and l mixture |
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Test to detect deoxy ribose is |
Feulgen staining |
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In benedicts reagent sodium bicarbonate use is |
Makes the medium alkaline |
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Blood group O has no no a and b blood group substances due to___ mutation |
Frame shift mutation |
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If it contains additional GAL NAC in there substance it is called __ blood group substance |
A |
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O toulidine method is used for estimation of monosccharide ? |
Glucose |
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Ec number of phosphotase is |
3as it uses h20to break and release phosphate |
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All synthases are lyases except 3 |
Nitric oxide synthase ec1 Glycogen synthase ec2 Atp synthase ec3 |
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Oxidative decarboxylatiom requires __ vit |
VitB1 |
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Carboxylation requires vit? |
Vit B7 |
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In 2,3 bpg shunt number of atps produced is__ Net atp is __ Becz? |
Atp produced 2 Net atps 0 As one substrate phosphorylation is bypasses 2-2=0 |
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1stsubstrate of tca is |
OAA |
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Inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase is |
Malonate or molonyl coa |
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Alpha keto glutarate DH is inhibited by__ in tca cycle |
Arsenite |
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Which redox couple has highest redox potential ? Order
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Nadp+/nadph Nad+/nadh Fad/fadh2 |
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In ETC ADP TO ATP transfer is inhibited by |
Atractyloside |
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Sources for gluconeogenesis |
Plgp: Pyruvate Lactate Glycerol Propionic acid Glucogenic aas Both gluconegic and ketogenic aas |
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Reciprocal regulation by PFK II is |
Insulin activates it Dephosphorylate activates it F 2,6bip helps in glycolysis |
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Most glycogenic aa is |
Alanine |
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All anabolic process occurs in mitochondria except |
Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm |
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Ketone synthesis and breakdown occurs in site? |
Both mitochondria |
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Process which occurs in mitochondria and cytoplasm? |
Gluconeogenesis Urea cycle Heme synthesis |
HUG |
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Rle of glycogenesis is |
Glycogen synthase |
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Rle of glycogenolysis is |
Glycogen phosphorylase |
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Mc type of GSD IS |
Type 1a von gierkes disease |
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Defective enzyme in von gierkes ds is |
Glucose 6phosphotase |
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___ not effected von gierkes ds |
Muscle as it has no glucose 6phosphatase |
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Type I b GSD has additional feature of |
Recurrent bacterial infection due to neutropenia |
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3monthsbaby with doll like facies thin extremities hepatomegaly no splenomegaly kidneys enlarged🔼? |
Von gierkes disease type I GSD |
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GSD in which hepatmegaly and hepatic symptoms is seen in |
Type III GSD |
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Lysosomal storage ds is |
Pompes ds |
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Metabolism of glucose where co2is produced |
Hmp pathway |
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In g6pd deficiency hemolysis is due to |
H2o2increases due to lack of glutathione deficiency |
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In phase II conjuagation glucuronic acid is required provided by__ pathway |
Uronic acid pathway |
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Fructose from glucose is produced by |
Sorbitol pathway |
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After 16to 48hours of fasting muscle proteins degraded to supple amino group to pyruvate to form__ which reached liver used for gluconeogenesis cycle called? |
Alanine Glucose alanine cycle |
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During prolonged fasting brain gets 80% energy from |
Glucose 20% from ketone bodies |
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50gmof glucose is used test? How many samples |
Glucose challenge test Only 2hrblood sugar levels |
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75gm glucose used in __ test Samples |
Glucose tolerance test 3samples fasting one hr 2hr |
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2assymetrical carbon atoms are present in aas? |
Iso leucine Threonine |
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Seperating different proteins in a mixture is known as |
Iso electric focussing |
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Essential aa in children |
Histidine |
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No of Essential aas in body |
20 |
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Branched chain aliphatic aas |
Vli valine leucine isoleucine |
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Deficient enzyme in maple syrup urine ds |
Alpha ketoacid dehydroxygenase |
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Simplest and smallest aa |
Glycine |
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Polarity of all aliphatic aas |
Non polar |
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Phenyketonuria deficient enzyme is |
Phenylalanine hydroxylase |
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In PKU musty odour is due to |
Phenylalanine acetate |
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In PKU 🔼 by fecl3 test is due to |
Phenylalanine pyruvate |
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Tyrosinase is an oxidase in tyrosine----- melanine it requires cofactor? |
Cu |
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In alkaptonuria deficient enzyme is |
Homogenistic acid dioxygenase |
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In tryptophan ___ ring is present |
Indole ring |
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In histidine ___ ring is present |
Imidazole |
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___ aa has max buffering capacity |
Histidine |
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Most polar aas is |
Arginine |
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Most non polar aa |
Isoleucine |
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Acidic aas Polarity? Ess or non? Eg? |
Polar non essential aspartate glutamine |
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OH containing aa are always |
Polar |
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N glycosidic bonds are present in __ aa |
Asparigine |
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Sulphur containing essential aa is |
Methionine |
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Sulphur containing polar aa is |
Cysteine |
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Selenocysteine acts as co enzyme in all enzymes especially |
Reductases and peroxidases |
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Peptide double bond in aas is__ configuration |
Trans |
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If H bond is present as peptide bond then it is__ structure |
2° |
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Functional activity is present at__ structure of proteins |
3° and 4° |
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In protein dna interaction __ bond is never involved |
Covalent |
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In heme synthesis ala synthase is inhibited by |
Heme itself |
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Lead poisoning __ enzyme is effected |
Ala dehydratase or PBG synthase |
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Desmosin condensation in intermolecular matrix is |
Elastin |
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Every 3rdaa in collagen is |
Glycine |
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Post translational.modification in collagen by |
Hydroxylation Glycosylation |
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Main transporter of aa in body is |
Glutamate |
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Main transporter in brain is |
Glutamine |
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Total no of atps used to form urea |
4 |
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Enzyme ornithine transcarbomylase is deficient in |
Brain |
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Enzymw arginase is deficient in |
Kidneys |
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In hyper ammonemia cerebral edema is due to increase in |
Glutamine |
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In portein purification method if + charges eluted first then used material is |
DEAE diethyl amino ethyl |
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In sds page method if o2 is added to break s-s bond then __is formed |
Performic acid |
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Triacy glycerol is__ |
Non polar |
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In cns phospholipid is__ Made up of base |
Cephalin Base- ethanol amine |
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Phosphlipase D acts and seperate__ |
Phophotidic acid |
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Sphingosine is simpliefied alcohol? |
Unsaturated 20c amino alcohol |
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Sphingomyeline is made up of |
Sphingosine +fa+ p+ choline or Cereamide + p + choline |
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Acumulation of sphingomyeline is called |
Niemann picks |
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Acumulation of glucocerebroside? |
Gauchers |
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Acumulation of galacto cerebroside |
Krabbes beta Fabrys alpha |
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Acumulation of gangliosides is |
Tay sachs |
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Inheritance of fabrys is |
X linked recessive |
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In LDL receptor main ligand is |
Apo B 100 |
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In conversion of hdl cholesterol into cholesterol ester LCAT enzyme is used stimulated by |
Apo A1 |
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Apo c3and A2 inhibits ___ enzyme |
Lipoprotein lipase |
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Insulin activates ___ enzyme in adipose tissue |
Lipoprotein lipase |
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In dysbeta lipoproteinemia Type? Lipoproteins increased? Defective is? |
Type III Apo E defective Vldl and ldl remanants increased |
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Beta oxidation of fatty acids is done in site? |
Mitochondria |
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Activation of FAS in beta oxidation occurs in |
Cytoplasm |
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Beta oxidation of fatty acids is inhibited in__ state |
Fed state |
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Beta oxidation of fatty acids is inhibited in__ state |
Fed state |
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Decarboxylic acidosis is seen in ___ deficient pts |
Medium chain acyl dehydrogenase MCAD |
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NADPH is formed by hmp pathway a minor formation of NADPH is by __ in citrate shuttle |
Malic enzyme |
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Anabolic enzyme ATP citrate lyase is in __ state an exception |
Phophorylated state |
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During starvation ketone bodies are source of energy for |
Heart brain muscle |
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In ketone body utilization thiophorase is absent in |
Liver |
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Site of beta oxidation of fatty acids |
Mitochondria of liver |
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___ gene decrease in response to repressor and increase with activator |
Inducible gene |
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Number of genes available for transcription is increased it is called as gene___? |
Gene amplification |
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Histone deacetylation helps in ___ chromatin formation |
Heterochromatin Histone acetylation euchromatin |
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Aa that acts as catalytic site in enzyme is |
Serine |
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Prostate specific ag is eg of __ bi bi reaction |
Ping pong reaction |
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Mostly kinases follow which bi bi reactions |
Random |
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Michelis mentons graph is_ |
Rectangular hyperbola |
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For regulatory or allosteric enzymes graph is |
Sigmoid or s shaped |
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Phenyl alanine hydroxylase belongs to class ? |
Oxygenase |
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In non protein part of active enzymes Metals are___ but not __ |
Cofactors but not co enzymes |
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Xanthine oxidase Sulfite oxidase enzymes __ acts as cofactor |
Molybdenum |
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