Biochemistry 2.1 :: Incomplete

Front 1

High levels of oxidant stress will most likely do what to RBC?

Back 1

lyse RBC

(hemolytic anemia)

Front 2

Drugs and Toxins
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertension
Diabetes

are all diseases that will cause an increase in?

Back 2

oxidants

Front 3

How do oxidants damage RBC's?

Back 3

ion leakage across membrane

loss of enzyme activity

Front 4

Complete Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency leads to?

Back 4

death

Front 5

What is the first and rate limiting reaction for the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

Back 5

Glucose 6-phosphate Dehydrogenase

Front 6

Loss of Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase will ? effectiveness of antioxidant mechanisms in human cells

Back 6

REDUCE

Front 7

Where does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur?

Back 7

cytosol of the cell

Front 8

Is any ATP directly consumer or produced with the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

Back 8

No

Front 9

What does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway produce?

Back 9

generates NADPH

ribose 5-phosphate

glycolysis metabolites

Front 10

Ribose 5-phosphate is used to make ? and ?

Back 10

precursors of DNA

RNA synthesis

Front 11

High levels of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) will react with Fe2+ to create?

Back 11

Hydroxyl Radical

OH.

Front 12

True or False

Vitamin C has antioxidant activity and Pro-oxidant Activity

Back 12

True

Front 13

How is Vitamin C a Pro oxidant?

Back 13

converts Fe3+ into Fe2+

Cu2+ into Cu1+

these can cause cell damage

Front 14

High levels of Methemoglobin will cause ? oxygen carrying capacity

Back 14

DECREASE oxygen capacity

Front 15

What reduces MetHb?

Back 15

NADH MetHb reductase

NADH = cytochrome-b5

Front 16

How is NADH MetHB reductase powered?

Where is this compound made?

Back 16

NADH

formed during GLYCOLYSIS

Front 17

What enzyme is key to entering the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

Back 17

Glucose 6 Dehydrogenase

Front 18

What can convert Methemoglobin to normal Hemoglobin?

Back 18

Leukmethylen

(gets converted to methylene blue)

Front 19

What is the generalized reductase used with affinity for dyes such as Divicine (found in fava beans)?

Back 19

NADPH MetHb

Front 20

What is NADPH used for?

Back 20

powering NADPH MetHb Reductase

NADPH --> NADP+
Methylene blue ---> leukomethylene blue

Front 21

What do leukocytes use to generate bactericidal reactive oxygen species that kill invading microorganisms?

Back 21

O2 and NADPH

Front 22

Neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes have ? to combat microorganisms

Back 22

Myeloperoxidase

Front 23

Eosinophils have a different peroxidase that generates what product?

Back 23

HOBr

hydroxylbromide (hydroxylbromine?)

Front 24

Oxidized lipids alter membrane properties and form species such as ? that further react with proteins and nucleic acids.

Back 24

Malondialdehyde

Front 25

Oxidized carbohydrates and aldehydes can further react with ? and ?

Back 25

proteins

nucleic acid

Front 26

What is the term used to describe cholesterol deposits in arteries causing hardening of the arteries

Back 26

atherosclerosis

Front 27

Cholesterol deposits are removed by macrophages and packaged with ? for transport

Back 27

Apolipoprotein A1

Front 28

When macrophages are activated, they produce what reactive species that damages Apolipoprotein A1?

causing what?

Back 28

HOCl

prevents removal of cholesterol

Front 29

What molecule is needed in preventing formation of Hydroxyl radicals?

Back 29

Glutathione

Front 30

What 3 amino acids make up Glutathione (GSH)?

Back 30

Glutamate Cysteine Glycine

Front 31

slide 22?

Back 31

slide 22?

Front 32

What reduces NADPH to NADP+?

Back 32

GLUTATHION REDUCTASE

plus GSSG (becomes glutathione GSH)

Front 33

What enzyme is crucial for converting SUPEROXIDE ANION into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide?

Cofactor required?

Back 33

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)

copper and zinc
manganese
iron

Front 34

Most improtant antioxidant enzyme defense system that protects against reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Back 34

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)

Front 35

What Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) form is found in the cytoplasmic region?

describe structure

Back 35

SOD1

DIMER of Zn and Cu Subunits

Front 36

What SOD form is found in the mitochondrial region?

describe structure

Back 36

SOD2

tetramer - 4 subunits with Manganese

promotes cell differentiation, tumorgenesis and protects against pulmonary toxicitiy!

Front 37

What SOD form is found in the extracellular?

describe structure

Back 37

SOD3

TETRAMER containing Cu an Zn

Front 38

If a person has a Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency and is unable to form NADPH...

what will happen?

Back 38

glutathione cannot be produced

causing HydrogenPeroxide to not be converted to H20

H2O2 becomes Hydroxyl Radical instead

Front 39

When there is Hemoglobin bounded to Oxygen, what enzyme is inhibited from converting Fructose 6 Phosphate?

Back 39

Phosphofructo Kinase

Front 40

What binds Phosphofructokinase thereby inhibiting it?

Back 40

CD83

Front 41

True or False

Phosphofructokinase will be activated in a High Oxygenated System.

Back 41

FALSE

it will be activated in a LOW OXYGEN SYSTEM

Front 42

A person develops hemoglobinuria 24hr after ingesting a street drug. This person's cells are most likely deficient in which enzyme?

Back 42

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

Front 43

What is the main summary of the pentose phosphate pathway?

Back 43

synthesize RIBOSE of nucleic acids

synthesize NADPH
(powers antioxidant glutathione system and leukocyte oxidant system)