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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Synthesis (biosynthetic) reaction
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A chemical reaction in which new bonds are formed
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Exchange reaction
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An individual reaction than involves both synthesis and decomposition.
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Condensation reaction [dehydration synthesis]
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An exchange reaction in which two substances are joined such that a water molecule is lost
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hydrolysis
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The opposite of condensation reaction, hydrolysis is a reaction in which water is added to a molecule
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Anabolism
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The sum total of synthesis reactions exhibited by an organism
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Catabolism
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The sum total of decomposition reactions exhibited by an organism
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Coupled reaction
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Two reactions that occur simultaneously with typically one reaction supplying the energy that drives the second, energy-requiring reaction forward.
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Metabolism
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The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in an organism.
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Metabolize
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To process chemically.
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Reversible reaction
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-A chemical reaction that is easily reversed.
-Many metabolic reactions are reversible. -Driven by thermal motion |
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Multistep reaction [reaction pathway]
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Chemical reactions joined together serially.
(any blocks on individual steps serve also as blocks on all subsequent steps) |
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Intermediate
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A substance that is formed and then consumed along the way in a multistep reaction.
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Decomposition (degradation) reaction
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A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken
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Activation energy
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The energy required to start a chemical reaction
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Reaction rate
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The speed with which a chemical reaction progresses.
For multistep reactions the reaction rate is controlled by the slowest step. |
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Catalyst
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A chemical that affects the reaction rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction, having the effect of speeding up the reaction. Catalyst is not used up by the reaction; biological catalysts are called enzymes.
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Biochemical pathway
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Enzyme catalyzed multistep reaction, may be anabolic, catabolic, or both.
Anabolic biochemical pathway= biosynthetic pathway |
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Polymer
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Long organic compound synthesized from smaller organic compounds.
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Macromolecule
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Large polymeric biomolecules.
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Building block
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A variety of small organic compounds that make up macromolecules.
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Monomer
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A building block that has not yet been joined to other building blocks in a synthesis reaction.
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Phosphate group Pi
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- An inorganic ion consisting of one phosphate atom and four oxygen atoms.
-A phosphate group has a charge of up to 3- (i.e., PO4 3-). |
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These enzymes remove phosphates
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Phosphatases
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These enzymes add phosphate groups
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Kinases
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These enzymes remove water
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Hydrolases
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Phosphorylation
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Activates enzymes
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Dephosphorylation
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Deactivates enzymes
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Enzymes
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Protein biological catalysts that increase the rate of chem rxns by lowering the activation energy required.
Have 3-D shape containing active sites for substrates/reactants to fit into |
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Glycolysis
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anaerobic, requires NAD, 2 ATP net
glucose-->2 pyruvates (gluc+2NAD+2ADP+2Pi-->2 PAs+2NADH+2ATP) |
