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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When testing for ketone bodies in urine, what chemical reacts with them on a paper strip in a positive test?
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nitroprusside
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What is an aliphatic compound?
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branched carbon structure with no ring. contains single or double bonds
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a phenyl group is...
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a benzene ring functional group
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What 2 ketone bodies are found in diabetic ketoacidosis?
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B-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate
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What type of compound is B- hydroxybutyrate?
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it is called a ketone body, but it is actually an alcohol
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What is a carbonyl group?
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C=O double bond
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Oxidation is ____ of electrons.
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loss
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Reduction is ____ of electrons.
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gain
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Which is more oxidized, C=C or C-C?
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C=C (double bonds)
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The suffix "-ate" signifies what?
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Carries a negative charge
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nitrogen has ___ electrons in its valence shell?
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5
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Amines have a pKa around ...
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9, weak acid
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Glucose is very soluble in water due to what property?
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Many polar groups
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Reactivity of a carbonyl group is due to ...
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the creation of a partial charge
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In a carbonyl group (C=O), which element carries the partial negative charge?
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Oxygen
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In a carbonyl group (C=O), which element carries the partial positive charge?
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carbon
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Esters are formed by dehydration synthesis between Alcohols and ...
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carboxylic acid
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Give an example of a ketohexose
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fructose
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Give an example of a aldohexose
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glucose
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Difference between an aldehyde and ketone?
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aldehyde has C=O bond on the terminal carbon
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D-glucose and L-glucose are _____ of each other.
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isomers
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A sugar with n symmetric centers has how many stereoisomers?
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2^n
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An epimer, with regard to sugars, has a difference in the position of what functional group?
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-OH
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Epimers have the same chemical formula. True or False?
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True, they only differ in the positioning of certain groups
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6 carbon rings are usually found in what conformation?
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chair
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What is the anomeric carbon in a ringed sugar?
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C1, named alpha or beta carbon depending on orientation
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In a ringed sugar, a -OH group above the ring indicates what form of the sugar (alpha or beta)
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above the ring is beta sugar
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What is mutarotation?
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spontaneous change from alpha sugar to beta sugar when dissolved.
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When can mutarotation not occur?
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if the alpha carbon is bound to another sugar
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When a sugar is oxidized at the aldehyde carbon, it is named with the suffix ...
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"-onic acid" e.g. glucose to gluconic acid
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Deoxyribose is a (oxidized or reduced) form of ribose?
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reduced
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Give an example of a primary amine
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dopamine
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Give an example of a quaternary amine
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choline
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What common molecule another name for dextrose?
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D-glucose
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What do epimerases do?
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Convert sugars into their epimer by moving 1 -OH group
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What makes up a glycosidic bond?
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Anomeric carbon of a sugar + OH or NH of another molecule
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Adenine is bound to ATP in DNA by what type of bond?
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N-glycosidic bond
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What class of fatty acids contain double bonds?
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unsaturated
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increased chain length has what affect on fatty acid melting point?
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increases melting point
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increase in double bonds has what affect on melting point
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decreases melting point (more fluid at a lower temperature)
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If an acid is a 16:1 Δ 9 fatty acid, how would you name it as a ω fatty acid
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7. The double bond is between the 9/10 carbon so it is 7 away form the ω end.
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acylglycerol is comprised of ...
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glycerol with 1 or more fatty acids
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At a neutral pH, what is the charge on an amine?
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amine have a pKa around 9. at neutral pH it will be protonated. pKa > pH = protonated
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What is sphingosine made of?
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serine + palmitate (fatty acid)
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what are ceramides made up of?
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sphingosine + fatty acid to amino group
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In proteins which conformation of amino acids is more common, D or L?
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L
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How is cholesterol made more soluble?
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converted into amphipathic bile salts that are soluble
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In patients with gout, why does uric acid become urate?
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at pH 7, uric acid (pKa < 7) dissociates its proton
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Uric acid has a structure similar to which bases of DNA (ACTG)?
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purines (A, G)
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Restriction of "normal aging" can be done by regulation of what elements?
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free radicals
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A home blood glucose testing kit has what enzyme on the strip of paper?
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glucose oxidase to create H2O2 + urate
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In gout, what are the crystals made up of?
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urate
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DDt accumulates where in humans and animals?
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adipose tissue
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