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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
double helix
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the helical shape of the double chain of DNA that is like a spiral staircase w/a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside and base pairs like stair steps on the inside
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mRNA
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messenger RNA; produced in the nucleus by DNA to carry the genetic info to the ribosomes for the construction of a protein
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nucleoside
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the combination of a pentose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base
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operon
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a grp of genes, including a control site and structural genes, whose transcription is controlled by the same regulatory gene
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recombinant DNA
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DNA spliced from different organisms to form new, synthetic DNA
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replication
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the process of duplicating DNA by pairing the bases on each parent strand w/their complementary base
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restriction enzyme
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an enzyme that cuts a large DNA strand into smaller fragments to isolate a gene or to remove a portion of the DNA in the plasmids of E. coli
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retrovirus
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a virus that contains RNA as its genetic material and that synthesizes a complimentary DNA strand inside the cell
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structural genes
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the sections of DNA that code for the synthesis of proteins
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transcription
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the tranfer of genetic info from DNA by the formation of mRNA
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tRNA
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Transfer RNA; an RNA that places a specific aa into a peptide chain at the ribosome. There is one or more tRNA for each of the 20 different aa's
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genetic code
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the sequence of codons in mRNA that specifies the aa order for the synthesis of protein
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codon
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a sequence of three bases in mRNA that specifies a certain aa to be placed in a protein. A few codons signal the start or stop of transcription
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enzyme induction
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a model of cellular regualtion in which protein synthesis is induced by a stubtstrate
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mutation
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a change in the DNA base sequence that alters the formation of a protein in the cell
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pholphodiester bond
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the phosphate link that joins the 3' hydroxyl grp in one nucleotide to the phosphate grp on the 5'-C atom in the next nucleotide
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complementary base pairs
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in DNA, adenine is always paired w/thymine (A-T or T-A), and guanine is always paired w/cytosine (G-C or C-G). In forming RNA, adenine is paired w/uracil (A-U).
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nitrogen-containing base
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Nitrogen-containing compounds found in DNA and RNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (JG), and uracil (U)
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nucleotides
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building blcoks of a nucleic acid consisting of a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate grp
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translation
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the transfer of genetic info from DNA by the formation of mRNA
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control site
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a section of DNA composed of a promoter and operator that regulates protein synthesis
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exons
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the sections in a DNA template that code for proteins
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genetic disease
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a physical malformation or metabolic dysfunction caused by a mutation in the base sequence of DNA
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nucleic acids
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large molecules composed of nucleotides, found as a double helix in DNA, and as the single strands of RNA
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polymerase chain rxn (PCR)
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a strand of DNA is copied many times by mixing it w/DNA polymerase and a mixture of deoxyribonucleotides
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regulatory gene
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a gene in front of the control site that produces a repressor
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replication forks
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the open sections in unwound DNA strands where DNA polymerase begins the replication process
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RNA
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Ribnucleic acid, a type of nucleic acid that is single strand of nucleotides containing adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
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translation
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the interpretation of the codons in mRNA as aa's in a peptide
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anticodon
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the triplet of bases in the center loop of tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material of all cells containing nucleotides w/deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and the four nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
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frame shift mutation
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a mutation that inserts or deletes a base in a DNA sequence
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introns
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the sections in DNA that do not code for protein
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Okazaki fragments
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the short segments formed by DNA polymerase in the daughter DNA strand that runs in the 3' to 5' direction
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primary structure
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the sequences of nucleotides in nucleic acids
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repressor
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a protein that interacts w/the operator gene in an operon to prevent the transcription of mRNA
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rRNA
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Ribosomal RNA; the most prevalent type of RNA; a major component of the ribosomes
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substitution
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a mutation that replaces one base in a DNA w/a different base
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translocation
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the shift of a ribosome along mRNA from one codon (three bases) to the next codon during translation
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virus
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small particles containing DNA or RNA in a protein coat that require a host cell for replication
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