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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is pellagra? What are the "4 D's" that characterize it?
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Niacin deficiency
Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, death |
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Name the fat-soluble vitamins.
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A,D,E,K
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3 ways fat-soluble vitamins differ from the watersoluble ones.
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Fatty's
NOT WATER SOLUBLE CAN BE STORED CAN BE TOXIC |
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Name 2 pathways for which thiamin is a cofactor.
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Citric Acid Cycle
P.P.P-if you don't know this you might be Canadian |
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what is beriberi?
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primary disease, thiamine deficiency
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pernicious anemia
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B12 deficiency
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vitamers
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related chemical substances that fulfill the same specific vitamin function
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scurvy, Barlow's disease
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Ascorbate deficiency (Vitamin C) in adults
Barlows-infatile scurvy |
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nyctalopia
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night blindness-sign of vitamin A deficiency
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xerophthalmia
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Dry eye-sign of Vit. A deficiency
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kwashiorkor
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severe malnutrition in children
high crabs low protein |
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marasmus
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extreme malnutrition and emaciation due to caloric deficit
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complete protein
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Contain A.A required
plant sources-rarely complete |
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biochemical role of niacin
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active site of NAD(P), e- carriers for redox rxns
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precursor of niacin in vivo?
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Tyrptophan
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vitamins necessary for the conversion of trp to niacin?
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Pyridoxal-B6
Riboflavin-B2 |
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two enzymes that require a riboflavin-containing cofactor.
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?
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two major biochemical roles for pantothenate
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structural component of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein
oxidation of acetate, fattys |
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class of reactions is biotin a cofactor
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carboxylation rxns
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avidin?..where is it found?
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protein in raw egg whites that binds to and inactivates biotin
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most common sign of folate deficiency
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oversized red cells -macrocytes
-megaloblastic anemia |
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biochemical role of folate
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carrier of 1 carbon fragments for syn. of purines, thymidine and methioine
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other names for B12?
what metal does it contain? |
Cobalamin
cyanocobalamin Cobalt-ring called corrin |
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3 causes of secondary B12 deficiency
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Gastrectomy
parasitic infection Pernicious anemia |
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biological roles of B6? of C?
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Carry carbons during transamination and decarboxyl.
-AA metabolism |
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four processes in which vitamin A plays a role....what plant synthezises this
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-visual pigment, rhodopsins
-differention of epithelial cells -maturation of cartilage into bone -maintenance of reproductive system -green and yellow vegt. (carrots) |
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chemical name of vitamin E
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alpha-tocopherol
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biological role of vitamin K, realtionship to Ca?
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essential cofactor for coagulation factors
-synth GLA-which binds to Ca2+ neutralizing it-hydrophobic |
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why "vitamin D" is not really a vitamin
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because we can make it without ingestion
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How is 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
synthesized in the body? |
Calcitriol-is made when low levels of Ca by the kidneys
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signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency
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can cause A deficency- susceptible to infect, dry eye, flaky skin
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sparing with respect to vitamin nutriture
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guessing some drugs need to be eaten sparingly?
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Harris-Benedict equation
variables? |
Determines RMR-resting calories
Functions of Age, Height, Weight |
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protein ingested in excess
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turned into carbon skeleton and used as carbs
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equation relating Joules and calories
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1 cal=4.2 joules
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roles of dietary fiber
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provides bulk
prevents constipation keeps intestines hydrated -pectins,agars, and gums-protect internal mucosa |
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Why is the recommended lower level of dietary cholesterol at zero?
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Because the dietary cholestrol most of it is trans...the body naturally has cis formations.
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recommended proportions of dietary carbohydrate, protein and fat
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fats 2-3%
carbs- 15-18% proteins-30% |
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Where does factor X occur in coagulation? What does it do?
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In the Common pathway and is a protease -vit. K dependent!
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Importance of vit. K in coagulation cascade? does it participate directly at site of clotting?
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Vit. K adds another Carboxyl group to give a - charge, so Ca 2+ binds, this complex is what binds to phosp memb of platelets-NOT DIRECTLY
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Role of gama-carboxyglutamate resi in clotting
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Allows Ca2+ to bind and this complex binds to cells and platelets
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What rxns do activated enzymes catalyze?
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12a activates plasminogen->plasmin
12a -------> 11 11a---> 9 9a-----> 10 |
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antihemophilic factor? what stage does it function?
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Factor 8-and not an enzyme
Intrinsic; with Factor 9a |
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K-dependent factors
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factor 2(thrombin)
7, 9, 10 Protein C, Protein S |
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how does factor 13a differ?
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FSF-enzyme crosslinks fibrin
ONLY non-proteinase enzyme!! Its a transamidase |
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Factors in Common Pathway
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Factor 10--->10a
factor 2--->2a(thrombin) factor 1--->1a (fibrin) |
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2 proteins in cascade that are not enzymes?
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Factor 5a and 8
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Which A.A. does K-dependent carboxyl. occur
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??
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where are components of cascade made?
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cytoplasm?
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how is coagulation regulated?
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Intrinsic pathway-plasminogen--plasmin--breaks down clots
also by cofactors |
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which arachodonic acid metabolite is prod. by platelets? endotheilal cells?
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platelets--Thromboxin A2, ADP
enotherlial cells--prostacyclin N0 |
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What is special about alpha-2-microglobulin?
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inhibits thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein
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vWF associated with?
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Factor 8-Antihemophilic factor
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How does protein C inhibit coag.
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It breaksdown 5a and 8a
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