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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is optimum temp for base pairing?
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25C
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what are the two steps of DNA renaturation?
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nucleation and then zippering
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When measuring the renaturation speed of DNA's what does N stand for?
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the complexity of the DNA
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what do Cot curves show
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concentration vs. time
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True/ false the first step of renaturation is first order?
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false- second-order because it depends on concentration and time
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why is supercoiling important?
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it allows DNA to be in equilib between single stranded region and supertwisted region.
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what is another name for DNA gyrase
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topisomerase 2
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what enzyme can relax the negative supercoil of gyrase?
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topoisomerase 1
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what are nucleosomes made of?
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8 histones (octomer)
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what RNA containing enzyme is responsible for adding repeats to the end of DNA?
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telomerase p359
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what is the name of the drug that inhibits gyrase and is therefore an antibiotic for anthrax
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Cipro
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what are the 4 histones?
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H2a, H2b, H3, H4.
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what mediates assembly of nucleosome beads into 30nm/ 300A fiber
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H1 histone
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what is known to intercalate and stabilize tolomere so that cancer cell can't divide
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RHPS4
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If a gene is about to be transcribed what strucutre is it in?
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30nm soleniod
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what type of hand turn does DNA possess?
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right hand turn
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The _____ hypothesis states that modification of
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histone code
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what phosphoralates Retinoblastoma enzyme and leads to it dissassociation from the E2F
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G1 CDK (cycline dependent Kinases).
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at the 3' region of tRNAs there is a sequence that reads _____ and is where the a.a. is attached.
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CCA p 325
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what type of RNA can prevent a protein from being produced even though the mRNA has been formed.
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small RNA or ncRNA.
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_______ is the process where small interfering RNAs prevent a protein from being expressed even though the mRNA may exist.
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RNA intererence p 325
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_____ is the name of the region where an a.a is attached to a tRNA
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acceptor stem CCA p 364`
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____ is the region of tRNAs that ribozymes recognize
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T(trident)C. p364
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why is tertiary structure of tRNA important to bases
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because it allows them to maximize their hydrophobic basic stacking.
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what leads to the unusual base pairing that allow tRNA to assume unique tertiary structure
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wobble pairings NAS 19
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what do snRNPs used for?
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They edit hnRNA so that it can leave the nucleus.
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what type of RNAs lead to RNA interference?
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siRNAs - small interferring RNAs
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what loop allows ribozymes to recognize tRNAs
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the T(trident)C
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true / false the nucleotide sequence of ribosomes is conserved from species to species?
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falsep368 the secondary strucuture is.
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What type of gene is retinblastoma?
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tumor suppressor NAS 13
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what else besides CDK kindase can cuase retinoblastoma to fall off and transcription to start?
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T-Ag viral oncogene
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When tRNA is in tertiary L shape how many tertiary structures are H bonded?
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3
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what are the three main structural components of E Coli ribozyme?
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23S, 16S, 5S
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what 2 things are ribosomes made of
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rRNA and ribosomal proteins
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what do the three unusual H-bonded bases of tRNA add in
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establishing the tertiary struct.
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what is a DNA molecule made by joining DNA fragments from different sources?
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recombinant DNA
Grad student (GS) P1 |
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______ is a method by which DNA is incorporated into a vector capable of replication in a host cell.
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cloning think insulin
Grad p2 |
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what were 4 things that allowed easier DNA analysis?
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dna restriction nucleases, cloning techniques, rapid sequencing methods, dna ligase
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what protects bacterial genome from being destroyed by iets restriction nucleases
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methylation
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what is unique about sticky ends of DNA
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sticks ends have 5' overhang and have more effecient ligation.
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what are three common characteristics of vectors
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1? easy intro into host cells 2 recombo DNA can be replicated in host cell 3 easy identification of cell with recombo DNA
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what type of vector would you use for really large segment of recombo DNA
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BAC's YAC's
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what are some clinical applications of cloning
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-treat genetics disorders affecting single gene
- production of vaccines |
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how do you insert a gene into a plasmid
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flank it and plasmid at two spots with restriction enzyme.
Grad 7 |
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what is an advantage to the specific overhangs of the sticky ends in plasmid/ insertion DNA
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it ensures that DNA will insert in plasmid in the right orientation
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what would you add to mixture of foreign already cut DNA and plasmid to join them.
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ligase from T4 bacteriophage
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what is it called when you shock DNA so that it will take up foreign plasmid (vector)
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transformation
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go through steps necessary to make a DNA library of a gene ?
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1. cut plasmid and DNA with same restriction enzymes
2. mix both with ligase 3. transform 4. |
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how could you get a probe for selecting a certain gene from DNA library
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use clone from ortholog in another similiar species
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after getting a probe that matched gene how would you discover colony that had desired gene?
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use autoradiography
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what type of restriction enzymes are used for recombination
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type 2
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what is a cDNA library consist of
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set of double stranded DNA made from mRNA
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what enzyme goes from RNA back to DNA
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reverse transcriptase
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what are the two ways of making a probe for screenig library for a certain gene
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1 make probe if a.a. sequence is known
2 use ortholog |
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for RNA polymerase what do the 2 alphas do?
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they assemble other enzyme subunits.
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what does B' do
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functions in DNA binding- part of active site
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waht does B do
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binds NTP and sigma
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what are 2 factors that contribute to the melting of DNA at the promoters
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1. mostly made of A/T bonds
2. negative supercoiling |
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what event signals the end of initiation in transcription
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when sigma unit falls off notes p20
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what is the name for the conserved nucleotide sequence where transcription starts?
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consensus sequence
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In addition to the pribnow box and the -35 region what region do highly expressed genes have?
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upstream elements (UP_)
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what part of the alpha subunit bind to the UP element
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the CTD.
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what is Rho
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an ATP dependent helicase
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to what region of RNA does Rho bind
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C rich
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in what area of mRNA does Pol slow down so that Rho can overtake it
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G-C rich area
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