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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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polyunsaturated fatty acids
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fatty acids with 2 or more C=C double bonds
low melting points, so they are oils |
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micelle
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an aggregate of molecules that has a polar region in contact with water, and a nonpolar region that is water free
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lipid bilayer
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2 layers of lipids, so that both sides have polar heads in water
most phospholipids and glycolipids form bilayers when added to water 2 FA present are too bulky to make micelles, but make vesicles instead |
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gangliosides
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?
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Tay-Sachs disease
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enzyme deficiency: Hexosaminidase A
Principle storage substance: Ganglioside Gm1 Major symptoms: mental retardation, blindness, death by age 3 |
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Eicosaniods
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a class of lipids charcterized by their localized, hormone-like activites, very low cellular concentrations, and derivation from arachidonic acid; the three subclasses are prostiglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
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Omega-3 Fatty acids
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double bond 3 C from end of tail (using omega numbers)
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Triacylglycerols
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lipids formed by esterification of the three hydroxyl groups on a glycerol with 3 fatty acids
body fat |
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saturated fats
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fatty acids in which all C-C bonds are single bonds
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prostaglandins
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a subclass of eicosanoids; contain a five-membered ring, are made from arachidonate, and have a wide range of hormone-like activites
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phytosteroids
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plant biochemicals that have structures based on the steroid ring system
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Tras fatty acids
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double bonds in a FA tail that do not create a kink in the tail
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partial hydrogenation
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artificially add H to C=C double bonds to make vegetable oil more saturated
spreadable texture and less rancidity can create trans double bonds |
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Cox enzymes
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cyclooxygenases
biological catylists nessesary for the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid |
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NSAIDS
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nonsteroidal, anti-inflammitory drugs; pain killing drugs that act by inhibiting the COX-2 enzymes
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plasma membrane
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The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma or "phospholipid bilayer") is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer found in all cells. It contains a wide variety of biological molecules, primarily proteins and lipids, which are involved in a vast array of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion channel conductance and cell signaling. The plasma membrane also serves as the attachment point for both the intracellular cytoskeleton and, if present, the cell wall.
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integral proteins
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An Integral Membrane Protein (IMP) is a protein molecule (or assembly of proteins) that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. Such proteins can be separated from the biological membranes only using detergents, nonpolar solvents, or sometimes denaturing agents.
cannot flip leaflets in the membrane alpha helices 20 AA long or Beta barrels |
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peripheral proteins
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found on outside or inside of membrane
do not enter the lipid bilayer weakly bound to membrane, often by lipid "anchor" |
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fluid mosaic model
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Singer and Nicholson
fluid bilayer with proteins embedded |
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passive transport
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no energy needed
can be simple diffusion: small nonpolar molecules moving down the concentration gradient (like osmosis) can be facilitated transport: polar and charged molecules move through channel or carrier proteins, which can be fairly specific, down the concentraion gradient channel and carrier proteins can become saturated |
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active transport
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molecules pumped across the membrane by proteins
can be moved against concentration gradient requires energy pumps can become saturated |
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facilitated diffusion
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uniport: transport one molecule
symport: transport 2 molecules same way antiport: transport 2 molecules oppositely |
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Sodium-potassium ATPase pump
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3 NA+ bind to inside of pump
1 ATP triggors conformational change, expelling NA+ 2 K+ bind to protein phospate removed and conformation inverted, expelling K+ inside cell |
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multidrug resistance
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a condition enabling a disease-causing organism to resist distinct drugs or chemicals of a wide variety of structure and function targeted at eradicating the organism. Organisms that display multidrug resistance can be pathologic cells, including bacterial and neoplastic (tumor) cells
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