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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?
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-Energy is conserved
-Systems lose entropy |
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What do anabolic and catabolic mean?
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-anabolic: using energy to make larger molecules from smaller molecules
-catabolic: making energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules |
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What do High Energy Compounds do?
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provide the connection between anabolic and catabolic reactions.
---e.g. ATP |
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What molecules are capable of returning ADP to ATP?
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-carbohydrates - most common
-lipids and proteins - are also capable but this can become pathological when usage becomes excessive |
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What are the two metabolic pathways?
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anaerobic - glycolysis
aerobic - Acetyl CoA --> Kreb's/Citric Acid/TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycles --> Electron transport chain |
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Where do the different stages of metabolism occur?
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Up to Acetyl CoA occurs in cytoplasm
Beyond Acetyl CoA occurs in mitochondria |
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What is the carrier that gets glucose into the cell?
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Glucose transport proteins (GLUT)
-facilitated diffusion ---there are isoforms of GLUT depending on tissue site |
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What is the 1st major tissue to have an opportunity to remove glucose from the Portal Vein?
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the LIVER - blood is coming from the pancreas
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What are insulin and glucagon and what do they do?
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Hormonal regulators of blood glucose levels - liver is stimulated by them and takes action
-insulin - signals high blood glucose -glucagon - signals low blood glucose |
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What does the liver do if it senses high insulin levels?
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insulin signals high blood glucose --> liver removes glucose from blood by two methods--> glycolysis (metabolism) or glycogenesis (storage)
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What does the liver do if it senses high levels of glucagon?
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high glucagon signals low blood glucose --> liver supplies the blood w/ glucose by two methods
-gluconeogenesis (not ideal) -glycogenolysis (breakdown glycogen) |
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GLUT 3 is the main glucose transporter we're concerned w/ right now. What tissues does it distribute?
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brain, placenta, fetal muscle
-Low Km, provide glucose for tissue cells metabolically dependent on glucose |
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Glucose can be metabolized differently in Various Cells. How do RBC metabolize glucose?
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RBCs lack mitochondria - GLUT-1 imports glucose --> glycolysis --> end product Lactic acid
-Pentose Phosphate Pathway - provides NADPH |
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How is glucose metabolized in the Brain?
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constantly trying to use glucose --> Insulin-independent manner GLUT-3 --> glycolysis to pyruvate --> TCA/Krebs/Citric Acid cycle
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How is glucose metabolized in the muscle and heart?
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Insulin-stimulated transport of glucose by GLUT-4 --> glycolisis to pyruvate --> TCA/Krebs/Citric Acid cycle -->synthesizes significant quantities of glycogen
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How does Adipose Tissue metabolize glucose?
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insulin stimulated GLUT-4 --> glycolysis to pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA used primarily for FA synthesis -->Pentose Phosphate Shunt produces NADPH neede for fatty acid synthesis
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How does the Liver utilize glucose?
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largest # of ways --> uptake is insulin independent GLUT-2
-PPP shunt, Glycogen synthesis, Glucuronic Acid Pathway - drug and bilirubin detoxification, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis |
