Biochem High Yield (Fa)

Front 1

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a co-factor for (3)

enzyme function

Back 1

transketolase (ribulose-5-phosphate --> fructose-6-phosphate)

pyruvate dehydrogenase

(pyruvate --> acetyl-CoA)

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-ketoglutarate --> succinyl-CoA)

note: pyruvate dehydrogenase
and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase use the same co-factors (the first 4 water-soluble vitamins and lipoic acid)

Front 2

signs of riboflavin (vit. B2) deficiency (3)

Back 2

cheilosis (scaling of lips/fissures at corners of lips)
corneal vascularization
angular stomatitis

Front 3

niacin (vit. B3):

synthesized from
co-factor needed for synthesis

Back 3

tryptophan
pyridoxine (vit. B6)

Front 4

causes of niacin (vit. B3) deficiency (3)

Back 4

Hartnup disease (↓ tryptophan absorption)
malignant carcinoid syndrome (↑ tryptophan breakdown)
INH (↓ pyridoxine)

Front 5

pantothenate (vit. B5):

component of (2)

Back 5

acetyl-CoA

fatty acid synthase

Front 6

pyridoxine (vit. B6) deficiency caused by (2)

Back 6

INH

oral contraceptives

Front 7

pyridoxal phosphate is a co-factor for (3)

Back 7

transaminations (AST & ALT)
decarboxylations
heme synthesis

Front 8

cobalamin (vit. B12) is a co-factor for (2)

Back 8

-homocysteine methylation (homocysteine methyl-transferase)

(homocysteine + N-methyl THF --> methionine + THF)

-methylmalonyl-CoA handling

(methylmalonyl-CoA --> succinyl-CoA)

Front 9

biotin is a co-factor for

examples (3)

Back 9

carboxylations:

pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate --> oxaloacetate) - for gluconeogenesis

acetyl-CoA --> malonyl-CoA (for FA synthesis)

propionyl-CoA --> methylmalonyl-CoA (for TCA cycle)

Front 10

vitamin C is a co-factor for (2)

Back 10

NE synthesis
(DA --> NE)

5-HT synthesis
(tryptophan --> 5-HT)

Front 11

delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, and decreased adult hair results from

Back 11

zinc deficiency

Front 12

NADH/NAD+ ratio in alcoholism

effects (2)

Back 12

↑ NADH/NAD+

pyruvate --> lactate
oxaloacetate --> malate

(gluconeogenesis is inhibited)

Front 13

amino acids needed for purine synthesis

Back 13

glycine
aspartate
glutamine

Front 14

DNA replication in eukaryotes begins at

composition

Back 14

consensus sequence

AT-rich base pairs

Front 15

largest type of RNA

Back 15

mRNA

Front 16

most abundant type of RNA

Back 16

rRNA

Front 17

RNA polymerase II inhibited by

Back 17

α-amanitin

Front 18

features of promoter sequence (2)

Back 18

TATA box
CAAT box

Front 19

function of promoter

location

Back 19

start of transcription

upstream

Front 20

function of enhancer

location

Back 20

binding of TF's (increase transcription)

almost anywhere (upstream, downstream, within an intron)

Front 21

promoter mutation results in

Back 21

↓ transcription

Front 22

spliceosome composed of (2)

Back 22

primary transcript (introns + exons = hnRNA) and snRNP's

Front 23

permanent cells (3)

Back 23

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
RBC's

Front 24

stable cells (2)

Back 24

hepatocytes
lymphocytes

(induced to leave Go in the case of injury or infection)

Front 25

labile cells (4)

Back 25

bone marrow
gut epithelium
skin
hair follicles

Front 26

secretory (exported) proteins synthesized by

high levels found in (2)

Back 26

RER

goblet cells (secrete mucous)
plasma cells (secrete Ab's)

Front 27

N-linked oligosaccharide addition occurs in the

Back 27

RER

Front 28

modification of N-linked oligosaccharides occurs in the

modification occurs on

Back 28

Golgi

asparagine

Front 29

O-oligosaccharide addition occurs in the

addition occurs on (2)

Back 29

Golgi

serine
threonine

Front 30

addition of mannose-6-phophate occurs in the

result

Back 30

Golgi

protein targeted to lysosome

Front 31

sulfation of sugars in proteoglycans occurs in the

Back 31

Golgi

Front 32

proteoglycan assembly occurs in the

Back 32

Golgi

Front 33

coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, and high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes is characteristic of

Back 33

I-cell disease

Front 34

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

defect
result

Back 34

microtubule polymerization defect

↓ phagocytosis (decreased mobility of phagocytes)

Front 35

phosphatidylcholine found in (4)

Back 35

RBC membranes
myelin
bile
surfactant

Front 36

phosphatidylcholine is used in the

Back 36

esterifcation of cholesterol by LCAT

Front 37

cartilage type:

bones

Back 37

I

Front 38

cartilage types:

skin

Back 38

I and III (reticulin)

Front 39

cartilage type:

tendons

Back 39

I

Front 40

cartilage type:

dentin

Back 40

I

Front 41

cartilage type:

fascia

Back 41

I

Front 42

cartilage type:

cornea

Back 42

I

Front 43

cartilage type:

late wound repair

Back 43

I

Front 44

cartilage type:

cartilage (including hyaline)

Back 44

II

Front 45

cartilage type:

vitreous body

Back 45

II

Front 46

cartilage type:

nucleus pulposus

Back 46

II

Front 47

cartilage type:

blood vessels

Back 47

III (reticulin)

Front 48

cartilage type:

uterus

Back 48

III (reticulin)

Front 49

cartilage type:

fetal tissue

Back 49

III (reticulin)

Front 50

cartilage type:

granulation tissue

Back 50

III (reticulin)

Front 51

steps of collagen synthesis within fibroblasts

location

Back 51

synthesis (RER)
hydroxlation (ER)
glycosylation (Golgi)
exocytosis

Front 52

steps of collagen synthesis outside fibroblasts

Back 52

proteolytic processing
cross-linking

Front 53

function of lysyl oxidase

Back 53

covalently cross links lysine-hydroxylsine

Front 54

Ehlers Danlos syndrome

due to

results in

Back 54

faulty collagen synthesis (most commonly type III)

blood vessel instability --> berry aneurysm

Front 55

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

due to
MOI
signs (4)

Back 55

abnormal collagen synthesis (most commonly type I)
AD

multiple fractures
blue sclerae
hearing loss
dental imperfections

Front 56

vimentin stains

Back 56

CT

Front 57

desmin stains

Back 57

muscle

Front 58

elastin found within (3)

Back 58

lungs
large arteries
elastic ligaments

Front 59

elastin is rich in (2)

Back 59

nonhydroxylated proline and lysine

Front 60

site of:

fatty acid synthesis

Back 60

cytoplasm

Front 61

site of:

gluconeogenesis

Back 61

mitochondria (oxaloacetate) and cytoplasm

Front 62

site of:

urea cycle

Back 62

mitochondria (citriline) and cytoplasm

Front 63

site of:

heme synthesis

Back 63

mitochondria and cytoplasm