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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A class of biomolecules defined by physical behavior rather than chemical structure
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Lipids
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Functional groups found in lipids?
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C-C and C=C
Carboxylate esters and phosphate esters Aldehydes and Ketones Amines and Amides Straight chain, cyclic, and heterocyclic structures |
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Lipid classification
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Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids |
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Unbranched aliphatic chain with a carboxyl group.
Straight 3D conformation Solids at room temp |
Saturated
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Aliphatic chain with one or more C=C
C=C usually cis Bent 3D conformation Liquid at room temp |
Unsaturated
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Stearic acid has a simple designation of ___ and is a/an ______ fatty acid
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18:0
18 carbons, 0 double bonds Saturated |
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Most fatty acids in our body are __ to __ carbons long
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16 to 18
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Oleic acid is designated as ___ and is a/an _____ fatty acid
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18:1 (delta 9)
18 carbons, 1 double bond starting at c9 unsaturated |
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How is omega 3 given its designated name?
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it is 20:5 (5,8,11,14,17)
20 carbons total, 17 is the last double bond. 20-17=3 |
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-anoic
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saturated
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-enoic
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mono-unsaturated
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-dienoic
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poly-unsaturated
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Amino or fatty acids can be synthesized by our body
True or false? |
False
they must be taken from our diet, we cannot synthesize them |
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Some essential fatty acids
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alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3)
linoleic acid (omega 6) xEicosapentaenoic acidx xDocosohexaneoic acidx |
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aracadonic acid is synthesized in our body from_____ and acts as a second messenger
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linoleic acid
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our body synthesizes EPA and DHA from____.
what oil is also rich is these? |
alpha linolenic acid
Fish oil |
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Flax seed oil contains____
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alpha-linolenic acid, adults can make this into EPA and DHA
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____ is essential for neural development
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DHA
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want a diet that is __:__ omega-6 to omega-3
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1:1
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an increased intake of omega-6 fatty acids and increase the rate of ____
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cancer
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Mono-unsaturated fatty acids are ____.
Poly-unsaturated acids can increase the risk of ______ disease |
good
Cardiovascular |
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Most fatty acids have an ____ number of carbon atoms
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even
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Mono-unsaturated usually have the double bond btw carbon __ and ___
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9 and 10
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Unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to _______ and ______
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electrophilic addition and oxidation
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C=C bonds can be altered to C-C by
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hydrogenation
(can saturate an unsaturated fatty acid) |
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saturated fatty acids are more stable because they have ____ bonds and are____
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london
close packed |
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what is more stable
C-18 or C-12 fatty acid? |
C-18, more london forces
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Fats and oils are named ____
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Tri-acylglycerols aka triglycerides
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Glycerol and Triacylglycerol have a backbone of ______ attached with ___ linkages
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3 fatty acids
Ester |
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Fat or oil is a _______
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Triacylglycerol
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Fat is ___ at room temp
Oil is ____ at room temp |
solid (more saturated FA in a triglyceride)
liquid (more unsaturated) |
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Mono and di-acylglycerols are legally not ____, but when broken down in the body they become triglycerides
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Fats
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Poly-unsaturated fats are heart healthy because they have lower ____
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cholesterol
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Partial hydrogenation changes ___ to ___.
a trans fat |
liquid to solid
it makes cis --> trans (close pack) detrimental to health |
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the process of hydrolyzing an ester to give an alcohol and carboxylates
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Saponification
ex: tri-glyceride + NaOH = glycerol and the sodium salts of fats |
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___ are enzymes that break ester linkages with the glycerol to give free fatty acids.
released by pancrease |
Lipases
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Have glycerol and a phosphate group attached to C3 and 2 open hydroxyl groups
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Glycerophospholipids
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In glycerophospholipids, the hydroxyl groups will have ____ with ester linkages. The phosphate group will have a ___ group
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fatty acids
Head |
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The head groups are ____ and tend to be charged
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hydrophilic
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Plasmalogen is a special class of glycerol-phospholipid and it is a ________.
it has _____ as its head group |
membrane phospholipid
Choline |
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Glycolipids are important in the _____ _____ process
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molecular regonition
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There are 4 primary lipases
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Phospholipase A1
Phospholipase A2 Phospholipase C Phospholipase D |
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cleaves ester linkage btw glycerol and fatty acid at carbon 1
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Phospholipase A1
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breaks ester linkage btw glycerol and fatty acid at carbon 2
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Phospholipase A2
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cleaves of phosphate group and head, leaving hydroxyl group on C3
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Phospholipase C
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cleave the head group off the phosphate group and left with phosphitidic acid
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Phospholipase D
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All lipases are dumped in the ____
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duodenum
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Sphingolipids are _______
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membrane lipids.
no ether linked, just an alkenal chain at C3. a single fatty acid joined to sphingosine with an amide link C2 |
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If the head group on a sphingolipid is hydrogen it is called ____
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ceramide
most basic sphingolipid |
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Sphingomyelin is found in_____ ____
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myelin sheath
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Gangliocides (binding sites for hemoagglutanin, contain SA)
GM3 GM2 GM1 |
basic structure
add n-acetylgalactosamine add D-galactose |
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To break down GM3 you have to break down the ____ ____ and rip off the galactose and glucose
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sialic acid
end up with ceramide |
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a defect in galactose hexosaminadase A taking off the n-acetylgalactosamine to leave you with GM3 leads to what disease?
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Tay-Sachs
Buildup of GM2 in the brain and spleen= retardation, blindness, paralysis, death by 3-4yrs of age |
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A disease that results from a defect in sphingomyelinase causeing accumulation of sphingomyelin in the brain, live, spleen
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Niemen-pick disease
mental retardation and death at infancy |
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disease that presents itself in bones where you would have fractures.
death by age 5, can develop in adulthood |
Gauchers disease
some gene replacement therapy and bone marrow transplant |
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A defect in beta-galactosidases results in a generalized gangliosidosis, ______ arent broken down and are stored as fatty deposits
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Sphingolipids
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Membrane lipids from cholesterol
hormones, vitamins, nutraceuticals |
Steroids
heterocyclic structure |
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Cholesterol has a polar head and is hydro____
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hydrophobic
(lots of hydrophobic bulk) |
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Cholesterol maintains the integrity of the ____ _______
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cell membrane
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testosterone and estradiol are _____ hormones
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sex
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a stress hormone that takes glucose and turns it into fat
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Cortisol
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aldosterone regulates ____ from the body to help kidney function
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salt
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prednisolone and prednisone are _________ drugs
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anti-inflammatory
synthetic steroids |
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brassinolide is a _____ stimulating hormone in plants
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growth
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bile acids act as ______ and are synthesized in the liver, released into the duodenum and act as detergents
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emulsifiers
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cholesterol in the skin is exposed to UV light and undergoes electronic rearrangement to give cholecalciferol (______)
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vitamin D3
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Vitamin D supplements are needed during the winter.
what are the 2 sources? |
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) animal
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) plant |
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Phytosterols are also called
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nutraceuticals or functional foods
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stigmasterol
Beta-sitosterol Campesterol all reduce ____ levels by 10-15% |
serum cholesterol levels
beta-sitosterol can also reduce enlarged prostate and inhibit prostate cancer growth |
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Multi-functional lipids, also known as terpenes
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isoprenoids
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______ is made from isoprene units
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cholesterol
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an isoprene that is our source of vitamin A from plants
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beta-carotene
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beta-carotene is cleaved to get ______
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vitamin A1 (retinol)
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retinol is oxized to be
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retinal
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retinal can be oxidized to give
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retinoic acid, a hormonal signal
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retinal can switch from cis to trans and is responsible for
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neuronal signals and vision
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a person can turn orange from taking too much ______
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vitamin A
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Vitamin E is an _____
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antioxidant
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Vitamin K is a _______
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blood clotting co-factor
needed to activate clotting factors |
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A blood anticoagulant, inhibits the action of vitamin K
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Warfarin
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mitochondrial electron carrier.
important for oxidative phosphorylation and synthesizing ATP |
Ubiquinone
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Dolichol is a ____ carrier
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sugar
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Eicosanoids are cellular ____ agents, and are synthesized by ______ acid
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signaling
arachadonic |
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Eicosanoids are all bad
true or false |
false
some are good, some are bad |
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Bad eicosanoids usually
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promote blood clotting --> heart attack, stroke, increase blood pressure
Prostaglandins |
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Good eicosanoids usually
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dilate arteries and lower blood pressure.
Leukotrienes |
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Class of drugs that inhibit the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes
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NSAIDs
act on COX enzymes |
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nonspecific inhibitors of cox_ and cox_
examples? |
1 and 2
aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen can cause ulcers |
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Specific inhibitor of COX3
example? |
COX3
acetaminophen a pain reliever but bad for liver |
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specific inhibitors of COX2
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vioxx, celebrex, bextra
can cause cardiovascular problems |
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naturally synthesized for pain relief from arachadonic acid
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anandamide
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3 types of lipid membranes
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miscelles
liposomes lipid bilayer |
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wedge shaped units
spherical shape london bonds formed by hydrophobic effect |
Micelle
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Spherical lipid bilayer
hydrophobic exterior and interior large makes vesicles (like synaptic) |
Liposome
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Cylindrical units
amphipathic base of cell membranes |
lipid bilayer
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our cells lipid bilayer are in ____-____ state
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liquid-ordered
solid yet fluid |
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order or disorder is due to the strength of ___ bonds btw fatty acid tails
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london
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