Biochem Final

Front 1

universal energy currency used in all cells

Back 1

ATP

Front 2

coenzymes that are components of adenine nucleotides

Back 2

NAD
FAD
CoA

Front 3

activated intermediates in many biosynthetic pathways

Back 3

nucleotide derivatives (UDP)

Front 4

nucleotides are ... regulators

Back 4

metabolic

Front 5

critical reactions in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis are targets for ... treatments

Back 5

cancer chemotherapy
viral disease

Front 6

ways to make nucleotides

Back 6

salvage pathways
de novo synthesis
metabolic products

Front 7

in de novo synthesis, ... is assembled on phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)

Back 7

purine ring

Front 8

in de novo synthesis, ... is first assembled then attached to phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)

Back 8

pyrimidine ring

Front 9

PRPP is made from ...

Back 9

ribose 5 phosphate

Front 10

synthesis of PRPP is an uncommmon reaction transferring ... group from ATP

Back 10

P-P

Front 11

synthesis of PRPP is inhibited by ...

Back 11

ADP (separate sites)
GDP (energy charge)

Front 12

radioisotope studies ... revealed origin of atoms in purine ring

Back 12

in vivo

Front 13

purine is synthesized from ...

Back 13

aspartate
carbon dioxide
glycine
formate
amide of glutamine

Front 14

purine biosynthesis uses energy from ...

Back 14

ATP

Front 15

purine biosynthesis has different routes for ... incorporation

Back 15

nitrogen

Front 16

purines are not made as ...

Back 16

free bases

Front 17

purines are made as ... in their phosphorylated forms

Back 17

nucleotides

Front 18

step one of purine biosynthesis

Back 18

glutamine input
PP replaced by NH3

Front 19

step two of purine biosynthesis

Back 19

ATP and glycine input
glycine incorporated

Front 20

step three of purine biosynthesis

Back 20

formyl THF input
formyl group transferred CHO

Front 21

step four of purine biosynthesis

Back 21

ATP and glutamine input
NH2 group transferred

Front 22

step five of purine biosynthesis

Back 22

ATP input
first ring closure

Front 23

step five closes the ring and makes ...

Back 23

imidazole

Front 24

step six/seven of purine biosynthesis

Back 24

carbon dioxide input
COO addition

Front 25

step eight of purine biosynthesis

Back 25

ATP and aspartate input
aspartic addition

Front 26

step nine of purine biosynthesis

Back 26

NH from aspartate main chain added
fumarate loss

Front 27

step ten of purine biosynthesis

Back 27

formyl THF input
formyl group transferred CHO
second ring closure

Front 28

IMP is also known as the ... and it is where other nucleotides can be made

Back 28

branch point

Front 29

step to make either GMP or AMP from IMP

Back 29

transfer of NH2 gp

Front 30

... inhibit purine synthesis

Back 30

ADP
AMP
GMP (aka too much product)
IMP

Front 31

energy requirement to make branch point IMP

Back 31

5 ATP
1 PP (~2 high energy bonds)

Front 32

energy requirement to make AMP from branch point

Back 32

1 GTP

Front 33

energy requirement to make GMP from branch point

Back 33

1 ATP

Front 34

total number of high energy bonds needed to make AMP

Back 34

8

Front 35

total number of high energy bonds needed to make GMP

Back 35

8

Front 36

pyrimidine ring is synthesized from ...

Back 36

carbamoyl phosphate
aspartate

Front 37

carbamoyl phosphate is formed in the ... for pyrimidine synthesis

Back 37

cytosol

Front 38

carbamoyl phosphate is formed by this enzyme

Back 38

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

Front 39

carbamoyl phosphate uses ... as nitrogen donor

Back 39

glutamine

Front 40

reactants to make carbamoyl phosphate

Back 40

glutamine
2 ATP
bicarbonate

Front 41

products of reaction that makes carbamoyl phoshpate for pyrimidine synthesis

Back 41

carbamoyl phosphate
gluatmate
2 ADP
Pi

Front 42

step one of de novo synthesis of pyrimidine

Back 42

aspartate inpuut
aspartic addition
Pi lost

Front 43

step two of de novo synthesis of pyrimidine

Back 43

ring closure

Front 44

step three of de novo synthesis of pyrimidine

Back 44

pyrimidine ring is synthesized as free base then converted to nucleotide via orotic acid

Front 45

step four of de novo synthesis of pyrimidine

Back 45

made into orotidine monophosphate with ribose 5 phosphate attachment

Front 46

step five of de novo synthesis of pyrimidine

Back 46

carbon dioxide is lost

Front 47

step six of de novo synthesis of pyrimidine

Back 47

UMP kinase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase input

Front 48

step seven of de novo synthesis of pyrimidine

Back 48

ATP and glumatine input
NH2 group is transferred

Front 49

enzyme that cooperatively binds aspartate

Back 49

aspartate trans carbamoylase
(ATCase)

Front 50

inhibits ATCase

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CTP

Front 51

activates ATCase

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ATP

Front 52

activating and inhibiting ... helps to coordinate the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine

Back 52

ATCase

Front 53

AMP + ATP <=> ADP + ADP
adenylate kinase
separate kinase for each nucleotide

Back 53

nucleoside monophosphate kinase

Front 54

NDP + ATP <=> NTP + ADP
nucleoside diphosphate kinase
single enzyme with broad specificity

Back 54

nucleoside diphosphate kinases

Front 55

with nucleoside mono/di/tri phosphate reactions there is no net loss of ...

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energy

Front 56

deoxythymidylate is formed by ... of deoxyuridine

Back 56

methylation

Front 57

deoxydi/triphosphates are made from ...

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diphosphates

Front 58

deoxyribonucleotides are synthesized by reduction of ...

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ribonucleoside diphosphates

Front 59

reactions that keep up to 90% of purine and pyrimidine which spares energy requiring de novo reactions

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salvage pathways

Front 60

major salvage pathway in most cells uses ...

Back 60

PRPP

Front 61

salvage pathways for purines

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adenine phosphoribosyl transferase
HGPRTase

Front 62

breakdown product of HGPRTase is ...

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uric acid

Front 63

HGPRTase deficiency causes the ... Syndrome which is X-linked and

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Lesch-Nyhan

Front 64

HGPRTase deficiency also causes PRPP to accumulate which causes ...

Back 64

gout

Front 65

salvage pathway for pyrimidines

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pyrimidine phosphoribosyl transferase

Front 66

pyrimidine phosphoribosyl transferase utilizes ...

Back 66

orotate
uracil
thymine

Front 67

uses of nucleoside analogs in disease treatment

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HIV
antibiotics

Front 68

AZT is a converted 5' triphosphate that inhibits ...

Back 68

viral reverse transcriptase

Front 69

antibiotics inhibit ...

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purine nucleotide synthesis