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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is a syndecan
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an intergral membrane proteoglycan
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what two types of domains alternate on a heparan gag chain and which one is most important biologially
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S domain and the NA domains alternate the S domain is most important biologically
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what does the core protein syndecan usually have as its gag chains
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3 heparan sulfates
2 chondroitin sulfates |
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what does an integrin do
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mediates a phycical connection between the extra cellular matrix and the cytoskeleton
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what is an adhesion protein and give an example
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a membrane embedded protein that allows a continum between extracellular matrix and the interior IE Integrins
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what is a peptidoglycan
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a structural heteropolysaccharide of bacterial cell walls that prevent swelling and osmotic lysis from water
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what is the structural components of a peptidoglycan
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alternating B1-4 linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetlymuramic residues joined by pentaglycine cross linkes
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how do antibiotics effect bacterial cell walls
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they inactivate the transpeptidases that catalyze the formation of peptide cross links
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what is an adhesion protein and give an example
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a membrane embedded protein that allows a continum between extracellular matrix and the interior IE Integrins
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how do lysozymes in tears and saliva effect the wall of a bacterial cell
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they hydrolyze the B1-4 glycosidic bond
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what are two important cytoskeleton proteins
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actin and spectrin
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how are actin and spectrin connected to membrane spanning proteins
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by direct interaction or an adaptor protein ankyrin
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what are the 3 things that joining of actin and spectrin to transmembrane protiens accomplishes
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1. stablizes the membrane against deformation
2. limits the mobility of integral membrane proteins 3. forms corrals that restrict the range of lateal diffusion of membrane lipid molecules |
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what are the 4 types of adhesion proteins we disscussed
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integrin
cadherin N-cam selectin |
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what are the characteristics of an integrin adhesion protein
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alpha-beta dimeric heterotypic binding
the binding will be determined by the alpha beta domains |
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what are the characteristics of an cadherin adhesion protein
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homotypic Calcium dependent binding important in embrological development
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what two types of domains alternate on a heparan gag chain and which one is most important biologially
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S domain and the NA domains alternate the S domain is most important biologically
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what does the core protein syndecan usually have as its gag chains
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3 heparan sulfates
2 chondroitin sulfates |
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what are the characteristics of an N-cam adhesion protien
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contains immunoglobin like domains and binds hetertypically
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what are the characteristics of selectin adheshion protein
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contains a lectin domain that binds carbohydrates
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what adhesion proteins are involved in recruitment of lymphocytes to and infection or injury
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selectin and integrin
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what is rolling adhesion
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mediated by selectins for an interaction on the endothelial cell walls P-selectins with the glycoprotein ligand for P-selectins on the lymphocyte Process slows molecules down
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how do integrins work in recruitment of lymphocytes
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the integrin on the endothelial cell interacts with I-cam on the lymphocyte for a tighter adhesion of the lymphocyte (stop part)
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what does extravasation
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movement of lymphocyte into the inflamation site
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What is a membrane raft
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a cholesterol-sphingolipid microdomain
these are resistant to detergents |
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what types of molecule is a lipid bilayer impermeable to
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large uncharged polar molecules
ions charged polar molecules |
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what types of molecule is a lipid bilayer permeable to
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small uncharged polar molecules
gases |
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what are two types of passive transport
(facilitated diffusion) |
channel mediated diffusion (unsaturable)
carrier mediated diffusion (saturable) |
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what is the purpose of having a protein transportor system
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the proteins lower the activation energy by forming non-covalent interactions with the dehydrated solute
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what is the main characteristic shared among membrane transportors
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that they are a multipass transmembrane protein
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what are 3 characteristics about the two state model for transporter function
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1. it is energy independent
2. binding and release is concentration driven 3. two forms of the protein exist in thermal dynamic equilibrium |
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what is Glut 4
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a membrane transportor found in muscle and fat cells for the uptake of glucose
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how is glucose uptake regulated
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insulin "tells" membrane vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane
2. when glucose is low glut 4 is removed from plasma membrane to a small to large to small vesicle ready to go again |
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what is an aquaporin
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channel protein that is important in RBC's and nephrons to deal with abrupt changes in osmolarity
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what is an Ion selective channel
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control permeability to ions
these are important in neurons and muscle cells |
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how do ion channels be selective
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the protein contains a backbone of carbonyl oxygens that is specific for certain Ions when they are dehydrated
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how does uniport and cotransport differ
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uniport= one molecule one direction
cotransport= two molecules involved 1. symport=both same dir 2. antiport= both diff dir |
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how is secondary active transport driven
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driven by an primary active transports electrochemical gradient that works to power a symportor with the second molecule against its gradient
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what are some important secondary active transportors in the body
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symport=intestinal uptake of glucose/AA
antiport=heart sodium/calcium |
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what are four types of directly coupled atp-dependent pumps
(primary active transport systems) |
P-type
F-type V-type ABC transportors |
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what are three types of F-type atpases and what inhibits these
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sodium potassium atpase
sarcoplasmic calcium pump gastric hydrogen potassium pump all of these are reversabley phosphoralated inhibition by vanadate and ouabain |
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what is an F-type atpase
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Atp dependent H+ pumps
these are Atp synthases |
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what is a V-type atpase
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these are proton transporting atpases responsable for acidifing the intracellular comportments (lysosomes ect)
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what is an ABC transporter
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contains two ATP binding domains
contains two transmembrane pumps to transport junk out of the cell |
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how is antibiotic resistance accomplised by pathogenic microbes
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over activity of the ABC transporters
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what is MDR1
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an ABC transporter (mulitdrug transporter) that is involved in the developement of resistance to chemotherapy in cancer
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what is CFTR
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the transmembrane conductance regulator
an ABC family member for CL- ions this on does NOT!!! require atp. passive |
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what causes cystic fibrosis
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a mutated CFTR
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what are some characteristics of the sodium potassium pump
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P-type
maintain low intracellular Na+ and high intracellular K+ endothermic and electrogenic |
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how are affinities affected in the sodium potassium pump in relation to what conformation the pump is in
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depending on the side of the plamsa membrane the pump is facing, the affinities will be higher to match the ion
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what is vanadate and how does it work
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a phosphate mimic that inhibits all P-type ATPases at the dephosphoralation step (can't release K+ from protein)
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what two inhibitors specifically inhibit the sodium potassium pump
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vanadate and oubain
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why is oubain uses in heart tissue
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oubain inhites the Na+/K+ pump and therefore inhibits secondary active transport(antiport) of Ca++ out of the cell. increase in Ca++, increase contraction strength
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oubain is a close relative of what
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digitoxin or digoxin
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how does oubain differ from a cholesterol
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still has steroid backbone, but differs at C17 and has a hexose for a head group
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what are the four main roles of sterols
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membrane structure
cardiac glycoside (digitoxin, oubain) hormones emulsifiers (bile acids) |
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name six steroid hormones
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aldosterone
testosterone cortisol estradiol prednisolone prednisone |
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what is the only significant way to rid the body of cholesterols
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as bile acids in the feces
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what is responsible for making fats accessible to pancreatic lipases
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bile acids by acting as emulsifing agents
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what is a common bile acid
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taurocholic acid
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what type of vitamins serve as hormone precursors
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A and D
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which vitamins are fat soluble and how are they made
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A, D, E, K
they are made from isoprenoid compounds |
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T or F Vitamin D can be made endogenously
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T
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what vitamin can function as a hormone and participate in gene regulation
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Vit A
also visual pigment in the eye can be made from B-carotene |
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what does Vitamin E do
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destroys most free radicals
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why do we need vitamin K
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participates in activation of a blood clotting enzyme (prothrombin)
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what does a dolichol do
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it is an isoprnoid alcohol that carries sugars during cell wall syn and polysac addition to protiens and lipids
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what is the active hormone name for vitamin D3
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1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
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what two derivities can be formed from B-carotene
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retinoic acid (hormone signal to epithel c)
trans-retinal |
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T or F B-carotene and Vitamin A do not contain conjugated double bonds
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F
they do, different from Fatty Acids |
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what part of vitamin E acts as the anitoxidant
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the two ring head structure is where the free radicals are captured
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what is warfarin and what does it do
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it is a synthetic blood anticoagulant
and is used for prevention of blood clots to reduce the risk of embolism |