Biochem-Fa Synthesis

Front 1

1) Net number of ATPs produced per palmatitate?
2) net number ATPs per glucose?

Back 1

~129 ATPs
~36 ATPs

Front 2

Uses of FAs?

Back 2

1) plasma lipoproteins
2)in liver B-oxidation gives us ketone bodies

Front 3

Describe FA uptake

Back 3

Fats ingested. Taken up in intestines where bile salts emulsify forming micels. These travel over gut wall and are converted into TG which are mobilized in the form of chylomicrons and dumped into blood stream. Lipoprotien lipase breaks them up and FA are then incorporated into Fat cells or mm cells.

Front 4

Chylomicron

Back 4

TG carrier in blood stream

Front 5

Lipase in
1)glucagon world
2)insulin world

Back 5

1) Hormone sensitive lipase
2)Lipoprotein lipase

Front 6

How is hormone sensitive lipase effected by hormones?
State pathway.

Back 6

Epinephrine or glucagon (NE or ACTH) bind to hormone receptor site and activate adenylate cyclase. cAMP levels are raised intercellularly which activates C protein kinase. This in tern activates HS lipase by phosphorylating it. Hormone sensitive lipase takes TGs to FA and sends them into blood stream on the back of Albumen.

Front 7

1)How do you activate FA for transport in fatty acid metabolism?
2)Thermodynamically favorable process?

Back 7

1)Acetyl coA synthetase attaches CoA. ATP is required.
2) yes

Front 8

1)Role of Carnitine in B-oxidation ?
2)Role of CPTs
3) If we don't have carnitine

Back 8

Carnitine is the barge that brings activated FA from cytosol across the intermembrane space (H+ rich) into the mitochondrial matrix.
2) CPTs exchange the ACoAs for the carnitines on either side of the mitochondrial membrane.
3)can't utilize FA

Front 9

Carnitine Deficiency Syndrome

Back 9

FA are not adequately taken into matrix for oxidation.
Results in fatigue & poor exercise tolerance

Front 10

ATPs generated from Acetyl CoA

Back 10

12 ATPs

Front 11

what are the 2 Key rxns in FA biosynthesis and significances of them?

Back 11

1)Acetyl CoA carboxylase
-RLS,ABC enzyme
- produces Malonyl CoA (marker for FA synthesis)
2)Fatty Acid Synthase Enzyme
- Pantothenate is part of the enzyme (vitamen requirement)
-

Front 12

Describe FA biosynthesis?

Back 12

Take glucose convert it to pyruvate inside mitochondrion. Inside mitochondria convert it to ACoA[2 C entity] to OAA[4 C carrier] (could think of it as 2 pyruvates one going to each!) condense in the form of citrate which goes across membrane via the citrate shuttle to stimulate FA biosynthesis. Citrate is found in TCA cycle in mitochondria. Only reason in cytosol is FA biosynthesis. Citrate in cytosol is cleaved via citrate lysol into OAA[4 C carrier] & AcCoA [2C entity] OAA can be recycled back in the cell via the malate aspartate shuttle. And keep shuttling out AcCoA for FA biosynthesis. 8 AcCoA via ACoA carboxylase into Malonyl CoA & FA synthase (7 rounds condensation) we get 1 palmate. Palmate put CoA is activated to prevent changing of pH make it into TG and ship out on back of VLDL.

Front 13

Citrate Lyase Enzyme

Back 13

Important in FA synthesis.
converts Citrate to OAA & Acetyl CoA; induced by insulin.

Front 14

Malic Enzyme

Back 14

Important in FA synthesis.
Converts Malate to pyruvate and produces NADPH(glue). Induced by insulin

Front 15

Regulation of Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Back 15

+ : insulin {dp}(hormonal)
citrate (local)

- : glucagon {p} (hormonal)
palmitoyl CoA

Front 16

FA synthase

Back 16

7 rounds condensation per 16C molecule; uses malonyl CoA & 2 NADPHs

Front 17

Describe coordinate regulation

Back 17

in the insulin world, we want to turn off B oxidation which takes place inside mitochondria. CPT 1 prevents FA in cytosol from entering mitochondria. Malonyl CoA is the negative feedback regulator of CPT1. If there is high leveles of malonyl CoA in the cytosol. CPT1 knows to stop the carnitine "barge"

Front 18

2 fates of palmate

Back 18

elongation
desaturation

Front 19

FA alpha end

Back 19

carboxylate end (#1)

Front 20

omega end

Back 20

methyl end (# depends on chain length)

Front 21

Sites of unsaturation

Back 21

are 3 carbons removed from the w-terminus

Front 22

families of FA’s:

Back 22

w-3, w-6, w-9

Front 23

palmate

Back 23

16:0

Front 24

Linoleate[ linoleic FA]-

Back 24

18:2^9,12

Front 25

Linoleate[linoleic FA]- What family?

Back 25

w6

Front 26

w6 essential fatty acid

Back 26

Linoleate[ linoleic FA]-

Front 27

alpha linolenate

Back 27

18:3 ^9,12,15

Front 28

alpha linolenate - what family

Back 28

w3

Front 29

w3 essential fatty acid

Back 29

alpha linolenate

Front 30

essential fatty acids

Back 30

FA that animals can't make

Front 31

y-linolenate acid

Back 31

w6
mammals can produce
non-essential

Front 32

Arachidonate (ARACODONIC ACID

Back 32

{20:4 - ^5,6,11,14 w6)
non-essential
– important because it generates hormones– ecosonide

Front 33

where does elongation of FA occur

Back 33

cytosol or ER or lysosomes

Front 34

elongation of FA occurs by

Back 34

Building up FA from C16 by addition to AcCo A

Front 35

desaturation

Back 35

Fatty acyl CoA desaturase uses oxygen and hydrogen ions to desaturate. Takes place in ER using cytocrome proteins and NADH

Front 36

desaturases in animals

Back 36

4,5,6,& 9

Front 37

Arachidonic Acid is produced from _______

Back 37

alpha-Linoleic

Front 38

W6 FA from alpha linoleic acid give rise to _______

Back 38

group 1 & group 2 eicosanoides

Front 39

group 2 eicosanoids are specifically from

Back 39

arachidonic acid

Front 40

w3 FA are from

Back 40

alpha linolenate (specifically epa)

Front 41

DHA

Back 41

-w3 from alpha linolenic acid
-important for visual acuity in infants

Front 42

Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency

Back 42

w9 accumulation

Front 43

w3 deficient in in pregnancy

Back 43

child at risk for low visual acuity, learning disabilities

Front 44

w6 deficiency

Back 44

growth problems, skin lesions, reproduction failure