Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 3 components of ATP molecule?
|
3 phosphate groups, 1 Adenine molecule and 1 Ribose sugar
|
|
|
Caloric content of Carbohydrates is?
|
4kcal/g
|
|
|
Caloric content of proteins vs. fat?
|
4kcal/g vs. 9kcal/g
|
|
|
Caloric content of Alcohol?
|
7kcal/g
|
|
|
Glycogen is the human equivalent of WHAT in plants?
|
starch
|
|
|
What are two short term fuels in the human body and what are their compositions in %?
|
muscle glycogen (.4%) and liver glycogen (.2%)
|
|
|
Largest % for fuel composition is by?
|
FAT (85%)
|
|
|
What type of linkage you would find in glycogen?
|
alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
|
|
|
(T/F) Vitamins and minerals are required in big amounts.
|
False- required in small amounts
|
|
|
What are the water soluble vitamins?
|
Vitamin C and B Complex
|
|
|
Which vitamin is a non-B complex vitamin?
|
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
|
|
|
Which Vitamins are B-complex?
|
B1, B2, B3, Biotin, and Pantothonic acid
|
|
|
What vitamins are Fat-Soluble?
|
D, E, A, K
|
|
|
Which Fat-Soluble vitamins are hematopoietic?
|
Folic acid and Vitamin B12
|
|
|
Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?
|
Calcium
|
|
|
What are two important functions highly dependent on Calcium in the body?
|
Muscle contraction and for bone
|
|
|
What does EAR stand for in the graph?
|
Estimated Average Requirement
|
|
|
How much is the EAR risk of inadequacy?
|
50%
|
|
|
What does RDA stand for in the graph?
|
Recommended Daily Amount
|
|
|
How much is the RDA risk of inadequacy?
|
2- 3%
|
|
|
What does UL stand for in the graph?
|
Upper Limit
|
|
|
How much is the UL?
|
An intake above the UL increases the risk for adverse effects (toxic level)
|
|
|
What is the RDA of IRON?
|
10mg for men and post-menopausal women
|
|
|
What is the RDA of Iron for pre-menopausal women?
|
15mg
|
|
|
(T/F) Iron is easily absorbed?
|
False- it is quiet difficult. Only about 10-15% is absorbed of a 10- 50mg intake
|
|
|
How can you increase the the absorption levels of Iron?
|
coupled with Vitamin C
|
|
|
Iron is transported with which protein?
|
transferrin
|
|
|
Iron is stored with which protein?
|
ferritin and bound to hemosidrin
|
|
|
(T/F) Vitamin C can reach to toxic levels?
|
False
|
|
|
What is the importance of Vitamin C in tissues?
|
For the maintenance of connective tissue and in wound healing
|
|
|
(T/F) Collagen is stable without modification?
|
False
|
|
|
Does Vitamin C have any antioxidant activity?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine in collagen require which vitamin?
|
Vitamin C
|
|
|
What is one typical reaction that Folic Acid allows to happen?
|
Transfer one of the carbon components (thymine synthesis)
|
|
|
What is one typical reaction that Vitamin B12 allows to happen?
|
Transfer of methyl groups (intramolecular rearrangements)
|
|
|
That is a precursor for the cofactor thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)?
|
Vitamin B1
|
|
|
What are some of the symptoms that someone with Vitamin B1 deficiency can present?
|
Loss of appetite, constipation, nausea, depression, neuropathy,and fatigue
|
|
|
What is Beriberi?
|
deficiency of Vitamin B1
|
|
|
What is one reaction that TPP is involved in? (thiamine pyrophsphate)
|
Glycolysis and ATP production
|
|
|
What is Riboflavin?
|
Vitamin B2
|
|
|
Name a precursor of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
|
Riboflavin
|
|
|
FAD is used where?
|
in the ETC cycle since it is a very important electron carrier
|
|
|
(T/F) Deficiency of Riboflavin is very common
|
False
|
|
|
What is the reduced form of FAD (this is oxidized form)?
|
FADH2
|
|
|
When you reduce FAD do you add or removed 2 electrons?
|
Add 2 electrons and 2 protons
|
|
|
How many GLUT transporters are there?
|
Many - we studied 5
|
|
|
Which GLUT is found in the liver?
|
GLUT 2
|
|
|
(T/F) GLUT-2 and glucokinase have a high Km
|
True
|
|
|
Where do you find GLUT-4?
|
Muscle and Fat
|
|
|
GLUT-4 is stimulated by what hormone?
|
Insulin
|
|
|
Name 2 functions of Insulin according to the lectures-
|
1) Stimulate glucose transport by GLUT-4 2) Intracellular stores of GLUT-4 to move to the plasma membranes
|
|
|
In fatty tissues, glucose gets converted into what?
|
Fatty Acids
|
|
|
In muscles- GLUT4 increases what?
|
availability for glycolysis and glycogen
|
|
|
What are the 3 products of glycolysis?
|
ATP, 2 Pyruvates and NADH
|
|
|
Where does glycolysis take place and does it require O2 or not?
|
In the cytosol. It doesn't require O2
|
|
|
How many ATPs do you get with 1 molecule of glucose that only goes through glycolysis pathway while being O2 deprived?
|
2 APTs
|
|
|
Free Gibbs Energy for Glycolysis?
|
It is negative (-22) therefore spontaneous reaction
|
|
|
Name 2 electron carriers?
|
NAD+ and FAD+
|
|
|
Regulation as result of blood/ glucose concentration- Increases with INCREASE OR DECREASE of transfer TO the liver?
|
INCREASE
|
|
|
Regulation as a result of blood/ glucose concentration- Decrease with INCREASE OR DECREASE of transfer FROM the liver into the blood
|
INCREASE
|
|
|
What are the 3 stages of glycolysis?
|
1) Glucose-P by ATP -> F1,6-BisP
2) F1,6-BisP ->cleaved into 2 trioses (slimplest sugars) 3) triose-P oxidized to pyruvate + NADH + ATP |
|
|
What is the very first enzyme used for glycolysis?
|
Hexokinase
|
|
|
(T/F) Hexokinase activity is REVERSIBLE
|
FALSE- irreversible therefore regulates
|
|
|
(T/F) Phosphofructokinase ( PFK1 ) is an IRREVERSIBLE step in glycolysis
|
TRUE
|
|
|
What does it mean if you increase Km?
|
You increase substrate concentration required to reach 1/2 Vmax
|
|
|
PFK is used for the conversion of what into what?
|
F6P into F16BisP
|
|
|
What is the hexokinase ISOenzyme in liver and pancreatic B cells called?
|
glucokinase- phosphorylates glucose
|
|
|
TEST QUESTION- hexokinase is inhibited by what?
|
G6P
|
|
|
What is the Km of hexokinase and is that number low or high?
|
0.1mM and it is LOW (so Vmax at all times)
|
|
|
(T/F) Glucokinase is inhibited by G6P
|
False
|
|
|
(T/F) G6P -> F6P is reversible or not
|
True- reversible AND not regulated
|
|
|
(T/F) F6P -> F1,6-BisP is reversible reaction
|
False- irreversible
|
|
|
2,3 -Bisphosphoglycerate is considered what type of regulator?
|
an allosteric regulator
|
|
|
Do red blood cells need more or less of 2,3- BPG?
|
Need more!
|
|
|
What is one molecule that can bind to hemoglobin and decreases the affinity for O2 therefore decreasing the overall yield of ATP?
|
2,3-BPG
|
|
|
NADH produced in glycolysis is required to be oxidized (into NAD+), How?
|
via 2 pathways; 1) transfer e to mitochondria ->ETC cycle 2) converting pyruvate -> lactate in cytosol
|
|
|
In the US, what is the most common vitamin deficiency?
|
Folate (among pregnants)
|
|
|
In the mitochondria, how many shuttle pathways are there?
|
2
|
|
|
Conversion of pyruvate -> lactate happens where and is it in the presence or absence of O2?
|
In cytosol
Absence of O2 |
|
|
FAD yields how many ATPs in cytoplasm?
|
2 ATPs
|
|
|
What shuttle does E-FADH2 uses in mitochondria?
|
Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
|
|
|
NAD yields how many ATPs in the mitochondria?
|
3 ATPs
|
|
|
What shuttle does NADH uses in the mitochondria?
|
Malate- aspartate shuttle
|
|
|
Which electron transport molecule is recycled (NADH or FADH2)
|
NADH ONLY!!!
|
|
|
Via which shuttle are FAD e transfered to the mitochondria?
|
Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
|
|
|
How many ATPs can you get from anaerobic glycolysis?
|
use 2 ADPs and make 2 ATPs
|
|
|
Enzyme that converts pyruvate -> lactate
|
Lactate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
One reaction that regenerates NAD+ (clue: u are using lactate dehydrogenase enzyme)
|
pyruvate -> lactate
|
|
|
Do you send any electrons to the ETC while deprived from oxygen?
|
NO!
|
|
|
One cell that will ALWAYS ALWAYS ONLY do Anaerobic Glycolysis is:
|
Red Blood Cells (no mitochondria and lots of lactate)
|
|
|
Which tissue in the body (connective tissue) produces a lot of lactic acid during exercise and causes pain?
|
Skeletal muscle tissue
|
|
|
Tell me everything you know about the Cori Cycle:
|
It is gluconeogenesis
|
|
|
So what happens to the excess lactate produced by RBCs?
|
Other tissues with lots of mitochondria to make pyruvate and then enter TCA cycle
|
|
|
3 irreversible reactions :
|
Glucokinase/Hexokinase
PFK-1 Pyruvate Kinase |
|
|
Pyruvate Kinase (irreversible rxn) is inhibited by what>
|
ATP
|
|
|
Regulation of PFK-1 can be inhibited by what?
|
Citrate
|
|
|
What signal is caused by the inhibition of PFK-1?
|
SHUT down glycolysis
|
|
|
If you increase ATP, is there MORE or LESS need for glycolysis?
|
LESS
|
|
|
(T/F) If F1,6BP is elevated then pyruvate kinase should be ACTIVE
|
True
|
|
|
Pyruvate Kinase (a liver enzyme) is inhibited by what 2 things?
|
ATP and cAMP Dependent Protein Kinase
|
|
|
When Pyruvate is phosphorylated by WHAT it gets inhibited?
|
cAMP dep. Protein Kinase
|
|
|
Phosphorylated Pyruvate Kinase is less or more active?
|
LESS
|
|
|
Dephosphorylated Pyruvate Kinase is less or more active?
|
MORE
|
|
|
What activates PFK-1?
|
increase in AMP therefore glycolysis can procede (once high ATP then PFK-1 is turned off)
|
