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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GLUT1
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Type 3 integral membrane protein
facilitated diffusion of glucose Erythrocytes uniport saturable transporter |
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Na+/K+ ATPase
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low Na and high K inside cell
1 ATP moves 2 K+ & 3 Na+ 2 subunits phophorylated form has affinity for K+ Cytosol: K+ -140mM Na+-12mM plasma: K+- 2mM Na+- 145mM |
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Glucose transport in Epithelial Cells
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GLUT2
Symport w/Na Secondary Active Transport 2 Na+/1 Glu Electrical Potential -Neg charge inside cell draws Na+ inward |
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Aquaporins
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integral membrane Pro channel
10^9/sec direction based on osmotic gradient don't allow H+ to pass 4 monomers form pore - Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA) filter |
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K+ channel
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Voltage gated channel
K+ passage to extracellular drawn to channel due to negative charged residues at channel entry Na+ it too small |
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Enzyme Assay
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method to follow reaction progress
measuring appearance of P & loss of S P-nitrophenol acetate |
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Enzyme Unit (EU)
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amount of enzyme needed to transform 1microM of S to P/min @ 25 degrees
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Katal
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amount of enzyme neded to change 1M of S/sec
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turnover # - Kcat
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# of S molecules transformed/min
carbonic anhydrase turns 36 million |
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Irreversible Inhibiton
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Covalent
Suicide inactivator-I stops after Enzyme is commited to Rx Diisopropyl Fluorophophate binds Ser195 of Chymotrypsin |
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Competitive Inhibition
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I competes for active site
Malonate =I for Succinate in Succinate Dehydrogenase P= Fumarate Km increaes, we need more [S] to outcompete |
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Uncompetitive Inhibition
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Allosteric
Binds only ES! Km decreases Vmax drops I is not overcome common in Multi S Rx |
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Non-Competitive
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Allosteric
I binds E or ES Km is the same Vmax decreased Heavy Metal binds S-S --> breaks this changes function |
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Single Displacement Random
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ATP + Cratine -> Creatine Kinase--> ADP Phospho Creatin
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Singel Displacement Ordered
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Malate + NAD+ --> Malate Dehydrogenase --> oxaloacatate _ NADH
Malate 1st, NAD 2nd & RATE limiting |
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Double Displacement Rx
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Aspartate Transaminase
Asp binds E & amino transfered to Pyridoxal Phosphate Asp--> oxaloacetate released amine put on alpha ketoglutarate --> Glutamate relased |
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Myristic
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14:0
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Palmitic
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16:0
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Stearic
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18:0
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Oleic
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18:1 delta 9
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Linoleic
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18:2 delta 9
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Linolenic
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18:3 delta 9
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Arachidonic
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20:4 delta 5
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Docosahexaenoic
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22:6 delta 4
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Saturated FA liquid at room temp?
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< 8 C = liquid
>10C = solid at room temp |
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LPL -lysophospholipid
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1 acyl chain
lpl receptors bind LPL then bind receptor in PM Signaling |
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What are 4 Neg Phospholipids?
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Phosphatidic Acid
Phosphatidyl Serine Phosphatidyl Inositol Phosphatidyl Glycrol |
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Phosphatidic Acid
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Negative
Function: stimulate membrane enzymes |
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Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine
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Cephalin
can be zwitter ion Most abundant in Bac 2nd most in animals 3 x methylation --> PC |
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Phophatidyl Choline
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always zwitter ion
Lecithin Most abundant in Animals |
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Phosphatidyl Serine
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Neg
Apoptotic Role if on Exoplasmic Face |
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Phosphatidyl Inositol
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Neg
Non Disociable b/c high pKa Anchoring Role-GPI Ex. alkaline phophatase Hormaonal Role: Phospholipase C cleaves inositol yields IP3 & DAG IP3 increases Ca++ Ca++ & DAG activate kinase C |
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Phosphatidyl Glycerol
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Neg
abundant in plants & Prokaryotes 2 stereo centers |
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Cardiolipin Diphosphatidyl Glycerol
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found in bioenergetic membranes
2 P attached to glycerol --> 2 x polar head |
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Ether linkages
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non saponifiable
archaebacteria resists hydrolysis @ low pH |
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Sphingolipids
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spingosine-18C oh
1 amide bond found in neural tissue *lipid rafts Sphingomyelin Ceremides Glyco sphingolipids |
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Sphingomyelin
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myelin of nerve cells axons
classified w/ glycerol phospholipids Phosphate + Sphingosine + FA |
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Cermides
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OH + Sphingosine + FA
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Glyco sphingolipids
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OH + Sphingosine + FA + Sugar
No Phosphates blood type Cerebrosides Globosides Gangliosides |
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Cerebrosides
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Type of Glyco spingolipid
Sphigosine + 1FA + 1 Sugar Glu or galactose Galactose--> associated w/Neural |
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Globosides
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type of Glyco sphingolipid
Sphingosine + 1FA+ 2 sugars |
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Gangliosides
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type of Glyco sphingolipid
sphingosine+ 1FA+3 > sugars 1 sugars must be Sialic Acid --> negative charge Branched sugars |
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Simple Lipids
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Non-Saponifiable
isoprene polymer found in cholorplasts |
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Ubiquinone
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Head group = Guinone
10 isoprene = Q 10 electron transport Q10- Parkinson's Disease |
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Cholesterol
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excrete 1100 mg
syntesize 850 need 250 not in bac biggest sterol |
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Prostaglandin
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increase body temp
inflammation, pain |
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Thromboxanes
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produced by platelets
blood clotting |
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Leukotrienes
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constriction of Sm muscle
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Phospholipase A 2
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cleaveds off Arachadonic Acid for eicosanoids
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Most popular in membrane of Eukayotes
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PC
PE Cholesterol |
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Most popular in membrane of Prokayote
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PE
PG |
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Galactolipids & Sulfolipids
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Plant membranes
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Thylaoid membrane has
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Monogalactosy Diacylglycerol MGDG
Digalactosyl Diacylglycerol DEDG Sulfoquinovsyl diacylglycerol SGDG Phosphatidyl Glycerol PG |
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Tetra ether lipids
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Archaebacteria
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Integral membrane Protein Types
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Type 1: 1TM helix COO- cytosolic
Type2: 1 TM helix, NH3 Cytosolic Type 3: Many TM heices, 1 peptide Type 4: Several peptides --> channel Type 5: covalent lipid linkage, not TM cytosolic Type 6: lipid anchor & TM |
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porins in E coli
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RepA
OmpLA Maltoporin |
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Outer membrane Lipid Anchor
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GPI
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Cytosolic Lipid Anchor
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palmitoyl
N-myristoyl Farnesyl geranylgeranyl |
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Spectrin
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filamentous cytoskeletal protein
tethers proteins in place |
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Lipid Rafts
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rich in sphingolipids, Chol, Saturated
GPI anchors anchored 2 long saturated FA NO isoprenoid anchors |
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Caveolin
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homodimer w/phobic hairpin loops
insert into membrane w/3 lipid anchors that force bilayer to curve inward forms cave/caeolea signaling/ endocytosis TM domain Palmityl FA anchor |
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Integral membrane Protein
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Integrins
Cadherins Ig like proteins Selectins |
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Integrins
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2 subunits- alpha & beta
Anchor- helix of each subunit Cell surface receptor-signaling Ligand binding (Ca++) attachment to ECM by binding collagen or fibronectin cross linking pltelets --> forms clots |
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Cadherins
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cell adhesion -Requires Ca++
interact with identical cadherins N cad-neurons P cad-placenta E cad- epithelial |
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Selectins
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Cell Adhesion Molecules
Includes IG superfamily CAMs (NCAM TM glycoproteins w/extracellular domains that bind polysaccharids on adjacent cells Ca++ required for activation Selectin types: E-endothelial, L-leukocyte, P-platlet |
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Membrane Fussion
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must recognize each other
surfaces come close together-removal of water outer layer become disrupted & fuse |
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Viral entry into Host
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virus binds sialic acid receptors
becomes encolsed in endosome HA protein pH7 fusion peptides buried Low pH trigers extension of HA to insert into endosomal membrane HA draws endosomal & viral membrans together HA disrupts bilayer, hemifusion |
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Neurotransmitter release
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intacellular vessicle binds presynaptic membrane & release into synaptic cleft
v-SNARE binds t-SNARE SNAP25 NSF |
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botulinum toxin
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cleaves SNARE bond, derades SNAP25
prevents neurotransmission |
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GLUT2
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Glu trans Epithelial cells
secondary active symporter- 2Na+ & 1 Glu more Na outside Neg charge inside cell |
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Nicotinic Acetylcholin Receptor
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Ligand Gated Channel
signals motoror neuron to muscle fiber acetylcholine is relased into synapse & binds acetylcholine receptor changes shape & allows opening of Ca, Na, K to pass inward 5 subunits bind, 4 TM helices Leu prevent cation passage M2 twists & opens |
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Glucose, Galactose, and Mannose
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Epimers
diastereomers that differ in configuation of 1 stereo center |
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Anomers
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differ in the OH of anomeric C
Alpha-down Beta-up |
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conformation
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can change w/out breaking bond
chair shapes |
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Configuration
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Mutorotation
needs to break covalent bond shifts OH of anomeric C alpha-beta |
