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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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is pantothenic acid fat or water soluble?
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water
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pantothenic acid is required for the synthesis of what
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coenzyme A (required for the degradation of all 3 macronutrients) and acyl carrier protein (part of the enzyme fatty acid synthase)
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a deficiency of pantothenic acid causes?
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rarely anything because it is widely distributed in our food
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is niacin fat or water soluble?
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water
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niacin is required for the synthesis of?
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coenzymes NAD(H) AND NADP(H) (required for many redox reactions especially important in energy releasing pathways
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niacin deficiency causes?
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pellagra
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symptoms of pellagra?
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dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, (death)
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the body can make some niacin from the amino acid trytophan, but not enough...
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to meet metabolic demands
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NAD stand for?
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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
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in NADP, where is the P group?
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2' OH on adenine
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niacin coenzymes (NAD) are required for the oxidation of ....?
Energy released is used to make...? |
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
ATP |
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Niacin deficit causing ATP deficit is problematic for metabolically active cells like...?
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epithelial cells and neurons
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is riboflavin fat or water soluble?
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water
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riboflavin is required for the synthesis of coenzymes...?
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FAD(H)(2) and FMN(H)(2) which are required for many redox reactions, many important in energy releasing pathways
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riboflavin deficiency causes...?
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SAD, symptoms of ATP deficit
dermatitis destruction of mucous secreating epithelial cells: glossitis cheilosis eye inflamation |
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gossitis?
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inflammation of the tongue
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cheilosis?
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inflammation of lips and corners of mouth
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FMN stands for?
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flavin mononucleotide
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FAD stands for?
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flavin adenine dicnucleotide
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ascorbic acid also known as...?
can be in two forms....? which is most common? |
vitamin C
linear and cyclic cyclic is most abundant |
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is ascorbic acid fat or water soluble?
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water
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ascorbic acid is required for...?
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a few redox rxns, notably those involved in hydroxylation of pro and lys side chains of collagen
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ascorbic acid deficiency causes?
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scurvy
bleeding gums ulcers anerysums weak bones |
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what's scurvy?
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weak college especially problematic in blood vessel walls
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only one other mammal besides humans is unable to make ascorbic acid endogenously...
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guinea pigs
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is vitamin A fat or water soluble?
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fat
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an alcohol form of vitamin A is ..?
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retinol
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vitamin A is required for?
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(in small amounts) synthesis of hormones that regulate cellular proliferation/differentiation esp of: lymphocytes, epithelial cells, osteoclasts
(in large amounts) the visual cycle |
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deficiency of vitamin A causes?
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night blindness
decreased resistance to infection aberrant epithelial cell differentiation(esp problematic in eye) fetal abnormalities |
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vitamin A in excess may be...?
symptoms include? |
toxic
peeling skin fragile bones blurred vision fetal deformities |
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A common dietary source of vitamin A?
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beta carotene
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beta carotene is cleaved into 2 molecules of?
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all-trans-retinal
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all trans retinal can be oxidized to?
reversible? |
retinoic acid
irreversible |
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all trans retinal can be reduced to ?
reversible? |
retinol
reversible |
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all trans retinal can isomerize to ?
reversible? |
11 cis retinal
reversible |
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retinoic acid is used for?
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hormonal roles that affect gene transcrition, regulate proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes, epithelial cells and osteaclacts
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retinol is can undergo _______ to form ______, a storage form of vitamin A
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esterification
retinyl ester |
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retinyl ester is mainly stored where?
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liver
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11 cis retinal is used in?
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the visual cycle
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In the visual cycle, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin to form what?
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rhodopsin
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What is opsin?
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protein in rod cells or other protein in cone cells
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What is rhodopsin?
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opsin = 11 cis retinal
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light alters rhodopsin's conformation to what?
resulting in what/ |
opsin + all trans retinal
a nerve impulse |
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the alter confromation of rhodopsin is unstable and breaks down into?
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opsin and all trans retinal
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all trans retinal is or is not recycled 100%?
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is not
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Vitamin A hormones increase or decrease transcription of some genes?
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both
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Drugs derived from vitamin A (retinol) are?
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accutane and Retin A
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What is accutane prescribed for?
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severe acne and other skin diseases
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How does accutane work?
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affects transcription of many genes, including some whose produciton induces apoptosis of oil gland cells
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accutane is bad because it is?
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teratogenic
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What is retin A prescribed for?
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acne, wrinkles, other skin problems
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how does retin A work?
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induces epithelial cell division (resulting cells are younger, thinner and contain less keratin than untreated cells)
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how may retin A be helpful in leukemia?
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induce maturation of white blood cells
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Retin A is bad because?
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variably teratogenic
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How could topical retin A affect a fetus?
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fat soluble, cross membranes
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Why pregnant women no eat liver?
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high in vitamin A (teratagen?)
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vitamin D3 is made from? where?
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uv light and cholesterol, human skin cells
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vitamin D2 is made from? where?
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uv light and ergosterol, plant cells
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vitamin D3/2 is fat or water soluble?
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fat
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vitamin D3 i required for synthesis of?
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the hormones 1, 25(OH)2 D3 and 1, 25(OH)2 D2
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what's the function of 1, 25(OH)2 D3 and 1, 25(OH)2 D2?
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maintain adequate levels of Ca and H2PO4- in blood, useful for many functions including mineralization of bone
bing receptors proteins in nuclei of target cells and alter transcription of many genes |
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Deficiency in vitamin D3 causes?
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inadequate mineralization of bone
adults - osteomalacia (fragile bone, bone pain) children- rickets (twisting of bone) |
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Vit D3 in excess is toxic and can cause?
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hypercalcemia, too much Ca in blood, Ca deposits in organs, organ damage
demineralization of one: leads to osteomalacia (same as deficiency) |
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the most common uptake form of folate?
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7,8 dihydrofolate (DHF)
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is folate fat or water soluble?
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water soluble
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folate is required for?
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synthesis of tetrahydrofolate(THF) coenzymes used in most single C transfer reactions especially important for nucleotide sythesis (DNA/RNA)
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folate deficiency causes?
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megaloblastic anemia
decreased DNA synthesis in RBC precursors |
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what is megaloblastic anemia?
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decreased number of RBC's
larger RBC's, RBC precursors fail to divide |
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folate is depleted in processed food because it is?
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heat labile
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A key step in converting biologically inactive folates to an active coenzyme form (THF) is reduction by?
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NADPH
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7,8 dihydrofolate is reduced via NADPH and the enzyme?
Results in the formation of? |
dihydrofolate reductase
tetrahydrofolate (THF) |
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A decrease in THF is problematic for?
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rapidly dividing cells
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Many anticancer drugs decreases THF by?
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inhibiting dihydrofolate
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A single C may be attached to THF at the?
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N5 or N10 or both
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vitamin B12 is also known as?
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cyanocobalamine
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is vitamin b12 fat or water soluble?
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water soluble
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vitamin b12 is required for?
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synthesis of 2 coenzymes (each is required for just one reaction.):
methyl cobalamine 5' deosyadenosyl cobalamine |
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vitamin b12 deficiency causes?
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megaloblastic anemia indistinguishable from that causes by folate deficiency(can treat with folate)
spinal cord degredation (not treatable with folate |
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vitamin b12 is synthesized by?
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microrganisms and certain algae
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the methylcobalamine is a coenzyme for?
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methionine synthase
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5' deosyadenosyl cobalamine is a coenzyme for?
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methylmalonylCoA mutase
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methyl is regenerated by the formation of?
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THF
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methylmalonyll CoA mutase converts methylamlonl CoA into?
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succinyl CoA
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The most common cause of B12 deficiency is?
how treated? |
the destruction of gastric parietal cells which normally produce intrinsic factor
monthly injections of B12 |
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what is intrinsic factor?
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a protein required for B12 absorption by the small intestine
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vitamin K is fat or water soluble?
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fat soluble
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vitamin K is required for?
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normal blood clotting, specifically for carboxylation of glutamate side chains of many blood clotting proteins
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deficiency of vitamin K causes?
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bleeding
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vitamin K is not present in?
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breast milk
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vitamin k is made by?
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intestinal flora
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how many forms of vitamin b6?
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3
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the 3 forms of vit b6 are?
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pyridoxinen (PN)
pyridxoal (PL) pyridoxamine (PA) |
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vit b6 is fat or water soluble?
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water soluble
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vit b6 is required for the synthesis of coenzymes?
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pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
pyridoxamine phosphate (PAP) |
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PLP and PAP are requried for?
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transamination, deamination, decarboxylation, condensation rxns especially important in the synthesis of neurotransmitters
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deficiency of vit b6 causes?
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depression
seizures |
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vit b6 in excess is?
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toxic
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vit b6 toxicity's main symptom is?
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neurological dysfunciton
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transamination
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amino group is transferred form one molecule to another
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deamination
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amino gorup is removed (as NH3) form a molecule
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decarbosylation
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carboxyl group is removed as CO2 from a molecule
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condensation
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joins two molecules to each other with the elimination of a third molecule (usually H2O)
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L glutamate undergoes decarboxylation to form?
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GABA
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the enzyme that helps convert L glutamate to GABA is?
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glutamate decarboxylase
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glutamate decarboxylase requires ?
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B6 coenzymes
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GABA stands for?
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gamma amino butyric acid
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GABA is a?
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inhibitory neurotransmitter
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Thiamine (B1) is fat or water soluble?
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water soluble
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thiamine is required for?
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the sythesis of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
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TPP is important in?
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the degradation f all 3 macro nutrients but esp carbohydrates and esp decarboxylation rxns
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thiamine deficiency causes?
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beri beri
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the hallmark of beri beri is?
why? |
neurological dysfunction, thiamine deficiency is problematic for cells that rely of carbohydrate for fuel (brain cells)
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In the US, B1 deficiency is most common in?
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alcoholics
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In 3rd world countries, b1 deficiency is most common in?
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those who subsist on polished rish
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thiamine is converted to TPP via
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ATP (looses two P's)
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vitamin E is fat or water soluble?
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fat
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vitamin E is required for?
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preventing the oxidation of membrane lipids
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vitamin E deficiency causes?
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hemolytic anemia
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what's hemolytic anemia?
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increased lysis of red blood cells
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is biotin fat or water soluble?
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water soluble
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biotin is required for?
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carbosylation reactions that also require ATP, especially important in fatty acid synthesis
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biotin deficiency causes?
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decreased fatty acid synthesis
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what observation lead to the discovery of biotin?
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rats fed large quantities of egg whites exhibited dermatitis
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raw egg whites contain a protein called?
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aviden
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aviden binds tightly to?
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biotin
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Calcium
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endocrine and excitable cell function
blood clotting activity of some enzymes bone and teeth as hydroxyapatite |
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phosphorus
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bone and teeth as part of hydrosyapetite
maintenance of pH nucleotides activity of enzymes/metabolic rxns |
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sodium, potassium, chloride
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maintenance of ionic balance and pH
excitable cell function |
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magnesium
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bone
excitable cell function NTP -requiring rxns |
