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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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An oxidizing agent |
gains electrons. |
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Beta-cells in the pancreas are capable of sensing glucose levels in the circulation. If you ingested a chemical that entered the beta-cell and was potent enough to eliminate the proton gradient in the mitochondria, what effect would this have on insulin secretion? |
Insufficient ATP concentration in the cell would prevent the secretion of insulin. |
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Consider these reactions: What is the ΔG°' of the last reaction? |
−18 kJ/mol |
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Consider this rxn which has a ΔG° = +0.4 kJ/mol. |
The reaction will proceed in the forward direction to reach equilibriu |
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Consider this rxn which has a ΔG° = +0.4 kJ/mol. 1 M A, 1 M B, 0.1 M C and 0.1 M D are added to a container at room temperature. |
ΔG < 0 (i.e., it's negative) |
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Consider the reaction of alchohol dehydrogenase Which is the oxidizing agent? |
NAD+ |
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Consider the reaction of alcohol dehydrogenase. |
Ethanol |
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How does insulin cause an increase in the rate of glucose transport into cells? |
recruits glucose transporters from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane |
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How does insulin cause an increase in the rate of glucose transport into cells? |
recruits glucose transporters from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane |
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the reaction A → B has ΔG = +25 Joule/mol and the reaction B → C has ΔG = −15 Joule/mol, the overall energy change A → C will be |
+10 Joule/mol. |
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In biological redox reactions, hydrogen ions are usually transferred along with electrons. |
True |
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In general, catabolism |
releases energy. |
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In general, catabolism |
is an oxidative process. |
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n metabolism the term "activation" refers to |
conversion of a component of a metabolic pathway into a reactive compound. |
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Insulin exerts its effects through |
tyrosine kinases. |
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Ligand binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase causes _____ of the receptor which then _____ the next protein in the signaling pathway. |
phosphorylation; phosphorylates |
Ligand binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase causes phosphorylation of the receptor which then phosphorylates the next protein in the signaling pathway. |
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Molecular oxygen is always a substrate in oxidation reactions. |
False |
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Protein kinases act by transferring a phosphate from a protein to ADP to make ATP. |
False |
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The α cells of the pancreatic islets secrete _____ in response to _____ glucose levels |
glucagen, low |
The alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete glucagen in response to low glucose levels |
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he body allows energy consuming reactions to occur by coupling them with reactions which have a negative ΔG. |
True |
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The following reactions are all common parts of some hormone processes: A typical pathway would follow this sequence |
1 →Binding of the hormone to a receptor. 4 →Release of a G-protein from the interior cell membrane. 2 → Synthesis of cyclic AMP 5 → Activation of a protein kinase. 3→ Phosphorylation of the target enzyme. |
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The glucose transporter in muscle cells is |
GLUT4. |
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The oxidation of nutrients supplies the energy to produce ATP. |
True |
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The production of larger molecules from smaller ones is called |
anabolism |
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What enzyme is activated by association with an active G protein? |
adenylate cyclase |
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What is the direct role of cAMP in signal transduction events? |
cAMP binds directly to protein kinase A and activates its enzymatic activity. |
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What type of receptor is the insulin receptor? |
tyrosine kinase receptor |
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When cyclic AMP is a second messenger |
the binding of hormone produces the desired effect in the cell by stimulating the production of cyclic AMP |
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Which of the following are examples of endergonic processes? |
protein synthesis and active transport |
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Which of the following are examples of exergonic processes? |
oxidation of fats and of carbohydrates |
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Which of the following best explains the chain of events that occurs when glucagon binds to its receptor? |
activation of G protein, activation of adenylate cyclase, production of cAMP, activation of protein kinase A |
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding pancreatic β cells? |
Insulin is secreted by the β cells in response to high glucose levels. |
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of anabolic pathways? |
the pathways are exergonic |
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Which of the following reactions is catalyzed by adenylate cyclase? |
ATP → cAMP + PPi |
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