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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two characteristics all sugars must have?
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Aldehyde or ketone;
2+ hydroxyl groups |
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What is an epimer?
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A sugar molecule that differs from another by the sterics of only one carbon.
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What is an acetal?
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An acetal is a molecule with two single bonded oxygens, and a hydrogen attached to the same carbon atom
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What is a ketal?
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similat to an acetal, only with two R groups, and no H group.
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Which carbon is the anomeric carbon?
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The carbon next to the oxygen and without the methanol group.
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What is a hemi-acetal?
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A carbon surrounded by R, H, OR, and OH groups. (think half-way to an acetal)
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What is an alpha sugar?
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a sugar where the OH group on the anomeric carbon is down (balloons down after the party).
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What is a beta sugar?
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a sugar where the OH group on the anomeric carbon is up (balloons up before the party).
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What is the bond in a disaccharide called?
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Glycosidic bond.
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What are the fuel polysaccharide?
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Starch, glycogen, amylopectin
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How are amylopectin and glycogen similar? Different?
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Similar- both highly branched; both composed of alpha 1-4 bonds
Different- amylopectin-plants; branches every 20 carbons Glycogen- animals; branches every 8 carbons |
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In a linear sugar, which carbon determines whether or not its D or L?
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The carbon before the non-chiral carbon (usually the 2nd to last one)
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What is an aldose and what is a ketose?
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Aldose- has an aldehyde carboxyl group
Ketose- has a ketone carboxyl group |
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Which form does glucose favor (linear or cyclic)?
What is the favored form known as? |
Cyclic; glucosepyranose
(fructosefuranose in the case of fructose) |
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What is a reducing sugar?
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A sugar with an open anomeric carbon.
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How does one make a non-reducing sugar?
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Hook the anomeric carbons of two sugars together (sucrose is a alpha 1-2 linkage with glu and fru)
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How can one tell if a patient has had chronic high blood sugar vs. just a post-meal spike?
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Look at the amount of hemoglobin has glucose bound to it- a high amount means a prolonged exposure to glucose, as this reaction happens slowly.
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Why are amylopectin and glycogen good energy sources?
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Lots of branches mean lots of areas to cleave sugar from for quick energy.
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Is glu taken from the reducing or non-reducing ends of glycogen?
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The non-reducing ends.
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What kind of glycosidic bond is digestable and which is not?
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Alpha is, beta isn't
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Why is cellulose so water-proof (doesn't break down in water like normal sugar?)
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Glu molecules are beta bonded together with sugars alternating in configuration; allows for high amounts of H-bonds to pack it tightly together and keep water out.
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How are cellulose and chitin different?
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Chitin has amine groups coming off of C-2.
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Why is heparin used as an anticoagulant?
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It binds the protease inhibitor antithrombin, making it in turn bind to thrombin.
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FYI- heparin has the highest highest negative charge density of any known biological macromolecule
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Neat
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All cells have heparin attached to syndecans coming off of the cellular membrane. Why do all cells need it?
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Heparin binds antithrombin to its sulfated (NS) domains which capture Factor Xa and Thrombin. When cells are damaged these coagulants are knocked off and cause localized clotting to control blood loss.
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