Biochem Chapter 13

Front 1

Autotroph

Back 1

Uses Carbon dioxide from atmosphere as sole source of carbon.

Front 2

Heterotroph

Back 2

Uses Carbon from the environment for its source of carbon

Front 3

Metabolism

Back 3

the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell

Front 4

Catabolism

Back 4

Energy producing pathways that breakdown carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce energy and metabolites

Front 5

Anabolism

Back 5

Uses metabolites and energy to build up more complex molecules

Front 6

In the process of transforming energy, living organisms ___ The entropy of the universe

Back 6

In the process of transforming energy, living organisms must increase the entropy of the universe

Front 7

When Keq > 1

Back 7

Reaction is Spontaneous

Front 8

When Keq < 1

Back 8

Reaction is Non-spontaneous, reverse reaction is spontaneous

Front 9

When Keq = 1

Back 9

Reaction is At equilibrium

Front 10

When Delta G is Negative

Back 10

Reaction is Spontaneous

Front 11

When Delta G is 0

Back 11

Reaction is at equilibrium

Front 12

When Delta G is positive

Back 12

Reaction is non-spontaneous, reverse reaction is spontaneous

Front 13

Three types of metabolic pathways are:

Back 13

1) Converging Catabolic - many starting materials broken down into a few metabolites
2) Diverging Anabolic - few starting materials built into many complex molecules
3) Cyclic

Front 14

A hydrolysis reaction is thermodynamically____

Back 14

Favorable (Spontaneous), Keq >1, Delta G is Negative

Front 15

Isomerization Reactions between enantionmers are thermodynamically______

Back 15

Neutral, Delta G = 0, Keq = 1

Front 16

Complete oxidation of reduced compounds is thermodynamically_______

Back 16

Favorable (Spontaneous), Keq >1, Delta G is Negative. (Spontaneous reactions don't mean fast)

Front 17

What is G

Back 17

The amount of free energy to do work. A release of free energy from a reaction is said to be exergonic (DeltaG is negative). When free energy is require for a process it is endergonic (Delta G is positive)

Front 18

What is Enthalpy (H)

Back 18

is heat. A release of heat is exothermic, - delta H. Gain of heat is endothermic, positive Delta H.

Front 19

Define Entropy, S

Back 19

Amount of disorder. S is positive when disorder increases. And negative when entropy decreases (Order increases)

Front 20

Equation that relates G,H, and S

Back 20

^G = ^H - T^S

Front 21

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 21

Entropy of the universe increases during all chemical and physical processes.

Front 22

Equation that relates ^G and Keq

Back 22

^G = -RT*ln(Keq)

Front 23

Define Single Spin State

Back 23

All electrons in a molecule are paired into electron pairs. Most organic molecules are in Singlet Spin State

Front 24

Define Triplet Spin State

Back 24

Two electrons in a molecule are unpaired. O2 is in a triplet Spin State

Front 25

Name the five major Biochemical Reactions

Back 25

1 Make or break C-C bonds.
2 Internal rearrangements - Isomerizations.
3 Free radical reactions.
4 Group transfer reactions.
5 Oxidation reduction rxns.

Front 26

Homolytic Cleavage

Back 26

A bond breaks and each atom keeps an electron, each becoming a radical.

Front 27

Heterolytic Cleavage

Back 27

A bond breaks and one atom retains both bonding electrons and the other with none of the bonding electrons. (Most biochemical reactions are Heterolytic Processes)

Front 28

Oxidation =
Reduction =

Back 28

Oxidation = Lose of Electrons
Reduction = Gaining electrons

Front 29

Review pages 493-495 in Text book

Back 29

-

Front 30

Work Example 13-1 on page 492

Back 30

-

Front 31

6 Common biochemical reaction types

Back 31

- Oxidations-reductions (e- transfers)
-Group transfers (H+, CH3+, PO32-)
-Cleavage and formation of C–C bonds
-Cleavage and formation of polar bonds

Hydrolysis and condensation reactions
-Internal rearrangements
-Eliminations (without cleavage)

Front 32

5 types of group Transfer reactions

Back 32

-Proton transfer, very common
-Methyl transfer
-Acyl transfer, biosynthesis of fatty acids
-Glycosyl transfer, attachment of sugars
-Phosphoryl transfer, to activate metabolites, also important in signal transduction

Front 33

Common reactions that make C-C bonds

Back 33

Aldol Condensation, Claisen Ester Condensation.

Front 34

Converting Glucose 6-phosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate is what kind of reaction.

Back 34

Isomerization reaction. They are isomers, the only thing that changes is the carbonyl group shifts from C1 in glucose to C2 in Fructose by an enzyme.

Front 35

Phosphate is removed from ATP to form ADP by a

Back 35

SN2 Reaction.

Front 36

What is a Kinase

Back 36

a kinase, alternatively known as a phosphotransferase, is a type of enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific substrates. The process is referred to as phosphorylation

Front 37

Why is ATP good source for energy in a cell

Back 37

The Phosphate bonds hold lots of energy, and the concentration of ATP in a cell is way higher than the equilibrium concentration driving the reaction to easily break the phosphate bonds, releasing energy

Front 38

Work Example 13-2

Back 38

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Front 39

What is PEP

Back 39

phosphoenolpyruvate, a pyruvate with a phosphate group attached. The phosphate is removed by pyruvate kinase to leave behind a pyruvate.

Front 40

PEP + ADP = Pyruvate + ATP is____

Back 40

Favorable (spontaneous) and is used to synthesize ATP.

Front 41

Describe Acetyl -CoA and its useful biochemical properties

Back 41

-Acetyl Coa is a Thioester
-It is an important donor of Acyl Groups
-It feeds two-carbon units into metabolic pathways
-it is used in the synthesis of fatty acids

Front 42

Why are reduced Organic compounds important

Back 42

Reduced organic compounds serve as fuels from which electrons can be stripped off during oxidation

Front 43

How do you find the oxidation state of carbon in organic molecules:

Back 43

-Add up the # of C-H bonds and multiply by 2
-then add the # of C-C bonds
-Then add 1/2(the # of C-O or C-N bonds)

Front 44

Dehydrogenase reactions proceed by:

Back 44

a stepwise transfer of Proto (H+) and then Hydride (H:-). (Proton transfer almost always accompanies electron transfer in Organic Redox reactions)

Front 45

Name two common redox cofactors

Back 45

NAD and NADP.(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) These are called pyridine nucleotides. in a typical biochem redox reaction a hydride (H-) is transferred to NAD+ to become NADH

Front 46

Where does NAD come from

Back 46

the Vitamin Niacin

Front 47

Single Electron electron Transfers can occur (though not as common as double electron transfers) by the use of____

Back 47

Flavin Cofactors. Flavin cofactors are bound to proteins and use molecular oxygen as the final electron receptor. These allow for single electron transfers rather than double electron transfers required by NAD+

Front 48

What is an FAD

Back 48

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. Can accept one or two Electrons (and protons)

Front 49

How are unfavorable reactions made possible

Back 49

by chemically coupling a highly favorable reaction to the unfavorable reaction.