Biochem Chap 5

Front 1

carbohydrate

Back 1

commonly known as sugars - monosaccharides, gycosides, fidsvvhstifrd, polysaccharides. Classified by number of carbons (trioses, hexoses...), position of hydroxyl groups (D or L sugars), subsitutents (amino), numberof monosaccharides joined through glycosidic bonds (di-, oli-).

Front 2

monosaccharides

Back 2

linear chains of 3 or more carbon atoms with a carbony goupr - C=O and the other carbons all have -OH. "-ose" is used for sugars. Aldose if aldehyde, ketose if keytone

Front 3

glycoproteins

Back 3

have sugar attached to protein components

Front 4

proteoglycans

Back 4

contain many long unbranched polysaccharide chains atached to a core protein. The large number of negative charges on teh chians radiate out from the protein so that the overal structure resembles a bottle brush. They are essential parts fo the extracellular matrix.

Front 5

polycaccharide

Back 5

linear chains or branched structures of tens to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

Front 6

stereoisomer

Back 6

have the same chmical formula but differe in teh position of the hydroxyl group on one or more of their asymmetric carbons. Ex: D-glucose vs. L-glucose

Front 7

disaccharide

Back 7

2 monosaccharides connected by a glycosidic bond

Front 8

oligosaccharides

Back 8

a few monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bonds

Front 9

polysaccharides

Back 9

polymers of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bonds

Front 10

epimers

Back 10

monosaccharides that differ by only one -OH orientation

Front 11

glycosidic bonds

Back 11

joins monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides

2. technically an acetal that connects two monosaccharides

Front 12

N-glycosidic linage

Back 12

joins ribose to a nitrogenous base such as adenine, linkage is defined to include both the O-C and C-N bond

Front 13

Glucogen - formed, what it is

Back 13

glucose molecules bound by glycosidic bonds form glycogen
- stored in the liver, muscle and other cells - small quantities. In liver it's used to to maintain blood glucose levels between meals

Front 14

Ribose -> deoxyribose

Back 14

deoxyribose if formed by the reduction of the 2nd carbon's -H in ribose

Front 15

Why are monosaccharides water soluble

Back 15

Because they contain so many polar groups. Polysaccharides are generally not water soluble because of their very high molar mass

Front 16

Anomers

Back 16

cyclic sugars that only differ only in positions of substituents at hemiacetal of group

Front 17

Lipid

Back 17

biomolecules that are more soluble in an organic solvent than in water

Front 18

Hydropathy

Hydrophilicity

Hydrophobicity

Back 18

"feelings about water" reflecting solubility in water vs. organic solvents

water loving

water fearing/hatred

Front 19

Fatty acids

Back 19

complex lipids, attached to a backbone of glycerol, spingosine, sterol, etc

Front 20

Sphingolipids

Spingomyelins

glycophingolipids

Back 20

- spingosine backbone -18 Carbons ( CH2 groups), fatty acid at top, and polar head group.
1. phosphorylcholine head group (atttached via ester linkage)
2. sugar head group (attached via glycosidic linkage)

Front 21

Steroids

Back 21

4 rings attached together

Front 22

sterols

Back 22

sterioids with -OH group attached, ex: cholesterol
Makes molecule amphipathic, -OH hydrophilic, the rest hydrophobic

Front 23

Saturated fatty acid

Back 23

There are NO double bonds

Front 24

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Back 24

There ARE double bonds - this can cause a kink in the in the long hydrocarbon tails

Front 25

Fatty Acids

Back 25

carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon tails (C16 and C18 are most common in us)

Front 26

cholesterol

Back 26

a 26C on a standard steriod 4 ring. Position 3 has -OH bond which wants to be in water. The rest does not - that makes it amphipathic.
- components of membranes and precursor for molecules that contain the steriod nucleus such as bile salts and steroid hormones

Front 27

Nucleic Acid

Back 27

compose of monomeric units nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of heterocyclic nitrogenous base, a sugar, and phosphate. Linked by 3'-5' phosphodiester bond between sugars.

Front 28

3 biological roles of lipids:

Back 28

1. Fatty Acids: Energy
2. Cholesterol: lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
3. Steriods: cell signaling

Front 29

Purine vs. Pyrimidine

Back 29

Purine - two rings (6 and 5: 2 and 2 nitrogen), Adenine and guanine bases

Pyrimidine - single ring (6 sided ring with two Nitrogen), thymine, and cytosine

Front 30

1. Nucleoside
2. nucleotide

Back 30

1. base (Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine, uracil) + Sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose)

2. Nucleoside + phosphate (base + sugar-phosphate, phosphodiester bond)

Front 31

Base - > Nucleoside

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
Hypoxanthine

Back 31

Nucleoside -> Nucleotide
Adenosine
guanosine
Cytidine
Thymidine
Uridine
Inosine

Front 32

5' to '3 strand

Back 32

To determine orientation. DNA ALWAYS runs 5' -> 3' direction!

Look at diagram is on the back bone the 5-carbon is highest then the top of the page of that strand is 5' and bottom is 3' end. On the complementary back bone then the 3'-carbon is highest and 5'-carbon is lowest.

Front 33

Base Pairing:

How are strands orientated?

Back 33

A - T, and C - G

Strands are antiparrallel

Front 34

1. What link connects Sugar to base?
2. Holds base to base together?
3. Links nucleotides together?

Back 34

1. Glycosidic linkage
2. H-bond
3. phosphodiester linkage