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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the major cause of obesity?
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An obese person has eaten more calories than were expended. Obesity is rarely secondary to a correctable disorder such as hypothyrodism or cushings
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What is the most common nutritional problem in the US?
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obesity
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Why is it easier to gain weight than to lose weight?
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The body compensates for decrease energy intake by reducing triiodothyonine which decreases basal metabolism. This is the biochemical reason why it is easier to gain weight than to lose weight
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What happens to adipocytes during obesity?
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They just enlarge in size by becoming engorged with TAGs. There is no increase in number of adipocytes.
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What is the effective treatment of obesity?
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Reduction of caloric intake and increased use of calories
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What does the liver do in the early refed state?
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The liver remains in the gluconeogenic mode for a few hours after feeding. It provides glucose 6-phosphate for glycogenesis to replenish its glycogen store.
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How does the liver replenish its glycogen store in the early refed state?
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Dietary glucose is catabolized in the peripheral tissue to lactate which is converted to glycogen in the liver (the indirect pathway). After the rate of hepatic glucose synthesis declines, liver glycogen is sustained by a direct synthesis from blood glucose
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What is the effect if hyperglycemia on urinary output and blood volume?
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High blood glucose leads to urinary loss of water, glucose, and electrolytes. This osmotic diuresis reduces the circulating blood volume which releases hormones that worsen the condition.
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What is the normal blood glucose range?
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Normal blood glucose range is 75-115 mg/dL
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What is the therapy given to hypergylcemia?
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Water and electrolyte balance restore to combat the induced dehydration and the actual hyperglycemia is treated with insulin
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What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is when a patient is resistant to insulin and cannot produce enough insulin to overcome the resistance. Type 1 diabetes is when the pancreas produces NO insulin.
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What is the state of the liver in type 1 diabetes?
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The liver is always gluconeogenic and ketogenic. The liver cannot buffer blood glucose levels. The liver continues to add more glc even in a well fed state.
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Why does hypertriacylglycerolemia occur in type 1 diabetes?
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Because VLDL and chylomicrons cannot be cleared by lipoprotein lipase. LPL is dependent on insulin.
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What is a hormone?
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any substance in an organism that carries a signal to generate somesort of alteration at the cellular level; chemical released by one cell that affects cells in other parts of the organism
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How do hormones function to amplify the initial response in quantity and duration?
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they function in a cascade
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What synthesizes TRH and where is it released?
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The hypothalamus synthesizes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and releases it via a portal to the anterior pituitary.
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What does TRH do in the anterior pituitary gland?
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TRH reaches the thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary and stimulates them to synthesize and secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH
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What does TSH do once it is secreted?
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Travels to the thyroid gland where it binds to a G-protein-couple receptor. The g-protein stimulates Adenylyl cyclase and the synthesis of cAMP. cAMP binds to the regulator subunits of protein kinase A disassociating them and activating protein kinase A. This phosphorylates proteins that trigger the release of T3 and T4
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What is another name for T3?
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3,5,3'-triioothyronine
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What is another name for T4?
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3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine
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More specific than the thyroid, where is T3 and T4 synthesized?
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Within the thryoglobin (TG) molecule which is a large glycoprotein stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
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What does the thyroid gland do to iodide?
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sequesters it from the blood and concentrates it. It is oxidized to iodine. Iodine is then combined with Tyr to form MIT (monoiodotyrosine) or DIT (diiodotyrosine)
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What does a DIT and another DIT together form?
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T4
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What does a DIT and a MIT form?
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T3
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T4 is a prohormone or a hormone?
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prohormone. it is converted by deiodinases in cells t3, the active hormone
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T3 is a prohormone or a hormone?
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Hormone. It increases the basal metabolic rate and increases developmental growth via nerve growth factor
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Where is insulin produced?
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beta cells in the pancreas
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Where is glucagon produced?
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alpha cells in the pancreas
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What are the two classes of steroid hormones?
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sex or progestational hormones (synthesized in the gonads) and adrenocortical hormones (synthesized in the adrenal cortex)
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What is the function of progesterone?
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maintains the uterine endometrium for implantation; differentiation of mammary glands
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What is the function of 17beta-estradiol?
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regulates gonadotropin secretion in ovarian cycle; maintains uterine endometrium; differentiation of mammary glands
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What if the function of testosterone in males?
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Required for spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics
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What is the function of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3?
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facilitates Ca2+ and phosphate absorption by intestines; induces intracellular calcium-binding protein
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What is the function of cortisol?
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regulates protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism; stress adaptation of adrenal cortex
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What is the function of aldosterone?
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causes sodium ion reabsorption in kidney; controls salt and water balance; raises blood pressure by increasing fluid volume
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