Biochem Ch. 8

Front 1

aerobic respiration

Back 1

the metabolic process in which oxygen is used to generate energy from food molecules

Front 2

aldol cleavage

Back 2

a reverse of the aldol condensation

Front 3

amphibolic pathway

Back 3

a metabolic pathway that functions in both anabolism and catabolism

Front 4

anaerobic organisms

Back 4

organisms that do not use oxygen to generate energy

Front 5

antioxidant

Back 5

a substance that prevents the oxidation of other molecules

Front 6

citric acid cycle

Back 6

a biochemical pathway that degrades the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA to CO_2 and H_2O as three molecules of NAD+ and one molecule of FAD are reduced.

Front 7

Cori cycle

Back 7

a metabolic process in which lactate, produced in tissues such as muscle, is transferred to the liver where it becomes a substrate in gluconeogenesis.

Front 8

decarboxylation

Back 8

the removal of a carboxylic group from a carboxylic acid as carbon dioxide.

Front 9

electron transport system

Back 9

a series of electron carrier proteins that bind reversibly to electrons at different energy levels

Front 10

epinephrine

Back 10

hormone released in times of emotional or physical stress; promotes glycogenolysis and inhibits glycogenesis to produce a rise in blood glucose. fight or flight response

Front 11

fermentation

Back 11

an energy-yielding process in which organic molecules serve as both donors and acceptors of electron; the anaerobic degradation of sugars

Front 12

glucagon

Back 12

a peptide hormone released from the pancreatic alpha-cells; among its effects are increasing the level of glucose in blood via the breakdown of liver glycogen

Front 13

gluconeogenesis

Back 13

the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules

Front 14

glucose-alanine cycle

Back 14

a method of recycling alpha-keto acids between muscle and liver and for transporting ammonia to the liver

Front 15

glycogenesis

Back 15

a biochemical pathway that adds glucose to growing glycogen polymers when blood glucose levels are high

Front 16

glycogenolysis

Back 16

a biochemical pathway that removes glucose molecules from glycogen polymers when blood glucose levels are low

Front 17

glycolysis

Back 17

the enzymatic pathway that converts a glucose molecules into two molecules of pyruvate: the anaerobic process generates energy in the form of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules.

Front 18

hypoglycemia

Back 18

blood glucose levels that are higher than normal

Front 19

insulin

Back 19

a peptide hormone released from pancreatic beta-cells; among its many effects are the promotion of glucose uptake into the cells of certain target organs (liver, muscle, and adipose tissue)

Front 20

malate shuttle

Back 20

a metabolic process in which oxaloacetate is transferred by reversible conversion to malate from a mitochondrion to the cytoplasm

Front 21

Pasteur effect

Back 21

the observation that glucose consumption is greater under anaerobic conditions than when oxygen is utilized

Front 22

pentose phosphate pathway

Back 22

a biochemical pathway that produces NADPH, ribose, and several other sugars

Front 23

response element

Back 23

a DNA sequence within the promoter of genes that are coordinately regulated; transcription is triggered when a specific hormone receptor complex binds

Front 24

substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 24

the synthesis of ATP from ADP by phosphorylation coupled with the exergonic breakdown of a high-energy organic substrate molecule

Front 25

tautomer

Back 25

an isomer that differs from another in the location of a hydrogen atom and a double bond

Front 26

tautomerization

Back 26

chemical reaction by which two tautomers are interconverted by the movement of a hydrogen atom and a double bond

Front 27

transcription factor

Back 27

a protein that regulates or initiates the synthesis of specific mRNAs by binding to DNA sequences called response elements